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PIA 2574 Governance and the Failure of the African State

PIA 2574 Governance and the Failure of the African State. Theme: Institutions and the “New” Africa “An Editorial?”. Corny but…. Overview of Themes. 1. Sovereignty 2. Debates About Democracy 3. Traditionalism. 4. Institutionalism 5. Collapse 6. Reasons for Collapse. Sovereignty.

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PIA 2574 Governance and the Failure of the African State

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  1. PIA 2574Governance and the Failure of the African State Theme: Institutions and the “New” Africa “An Editorial?”

  2. Corny but…

  3. Overview of Themes 1. Sovereignty 2. Debates About Democracy 3. Traditionalism 4. Institutionalism 5. Collapse 6. Reasons for Collapse

  4. Sovereignty

  5. The Primacy of the African Nation-State- How sovereign a. Impact of trans-national actors b. Issue of micro-states c. Rational Actor model- public or social choice theory

  6. Swaziland; 6,000 square milesPopulation, 1.1 million

  7. The Primacy of the African Nation-State- How sovereign d. Collective choice is it non-rational? Is it more than an aggregate of individuals? e. The role of international regimes- UN, World Bank, IMF, etc. New International Order (NIO)

  8. Governance and Sovereignty- • Rules of the Game politics: Zero/sum vs. sum/sum politics • "Splintering"- the break up of states- centrifugal forces • Interest Group Liberalism-how real? • Civil Society as organizational, not individual, or the mass.

  9. Or the Leipzig Option (Mass Action)

  10. Governance and Sovereignty- The need for apathy? Constitutional vs. social stability Institutional structures and Checks and balances:

  11. South African Political Poster

  12. Debates about Democracy

  13. Democracy: What is it? Democracy and: • 1. Governance • 2. Local Government • 3. Civil Society

  14. Definitions of Democracy: Review • Presidential Systems- Separation of Powers • Parliamentary systems- Representation and Fusion • Traditional Africa- Consensus and hierarchy

  15. Direct Democracy vs. Representative Democracy • Populism vs. Minority rights • Shifting majorities • Problem with Plebiscites Guinea 1958 “No” Vote

  16. Review: James Madison and Democracy: • The problem with majorities • Tyranny • Factions

  17. Types of Democracy • Direct Democracy • Indirect Democracy • Pluralism vs. Polyarchy • Civil Society • Cooperative Movement

  18. Democracy?

  19. Definitions of Democracy in Africa • The First Issue: Opposition vs. Consensus • The Second Issue: “A Chief is a Chief by the People”

  20. South Africa’s Parliament

  21. Traditional Society and Democracy • Forms of Traditional Influence in Local Government • Grass Roots- traditional governance mechanisms governance in sub-Saharan Africa • The Answer or the Problem?

  22. Defining Democracy • Village democracy and talking things out • Ubuntu, Ujamaa and Humanism • How Collective, How Market Friendly

  23. Traditionalism

  24. Ashante, Ghana

  25. Ethnicity, Class and Religion • Contextual- intensification of ethnic identity- and the reverse • Ethnicity as Nationalism • Ethnicity and Class

  26. Zulu Clan- Early 20th Century

  27. How Chiefs Influence Governance • Continued influence and high status of those who hold “tribal” authority (Dyarchy) • Presence in high political and administrative positions of those who are descendents or relatives of traditional leaders • Status without official sanction but consists of party functionaries or bureaucrats

  28. Forms of Traditional Influence on Local Level Governance • Bicameral- Traditional Elites represented in an Upper House • Unicameral- Preserved Traditional Seats in Legislature • Grassroots: Traditional Mechanisms of Governance at sub-district, area or village level

  29. Zambia House of Chiefs

  30. Forms of Traditional Influence on Local Level Governance • Full Meetings (Town Hall Style) Consensus by Direct Democracy • Pure Traditional Representation- Traditional Councils (Appointed) • Partial- Councils which are half elected and half traditional

  31. GIS trainer Kent Burger with Tawana Botswana Land Board participants

  32. Forms of Traditional Influence on Local Level Governance • Technical and Deconcentrated Boards. Department heads and Traditional Representatives • Specialized through the Traditional judicial Function • Triangular-2 traditional, 2 elected councilors and two appointed by central government (eg. Land Boards)

  33. Traditional Elites • Inherited States failed to deal with Traditional Leadership • Continuing Influence of Traditional Elites regardless of formal standing and regime type

  34. Tanganyika Chiefs 1961

  35. Traditional Leadership in Tanzania • Tanzania Abolishes Chiefs in 1960s • Study of Political Party Activists (Norman Miller) • Many activists are former traditional elites or relatives of chiefs and sub-chiefs

  36. Traditional Leadership in Tanzania • Informally the Party remained highly dependent upon traditional leaders on an informal basis • Traditional political values still socialize people (both in urban and rural areas) • Party informally accepts traditional roles as long as it give loyalty to the party

  37. Zimbabwe Traditional Leaders

  38. Traditional Influence-Review 1. Full Meeting (Town Hall style)- Direct Democracy 2. Pure Form- Traditional Councils (Appointed) 3. Partial- Half Elected/Half Traditional 4. Technical- deconcentrated. Department heads and Traditional (No Elections

  39. Traditional Influence 5. Specialized- Judicial Function 6. Specialized Partial- Land Board (2 Trad., 2 LG, 2 Cen. Gov.) 7. Bicameral- Traditional as an upper house

  40. African Justice?

  41. Brief Discussion • So What about Traditionalism?

  42. Ten Minute Break • Remember Purposeful Penny Coffee: 8:30-12:30 Monday-Friday

  43. Institutionalism

  44. THE INSTITUTIONAL STATE • What is the "Institutional State?“ • Why is it important?

  45. The importance of political institutions Rules and processes (formal and informal) are essential

  46. The Institutional State: • Civil Society • Institutionalized Norms • Stable Government

  47. The Institutional State: • Permanent Government: The Administrative apparatus • Goal: Muted Cultural Differences • Defining Bureaucracy- the permanent government

  48. The Institutional State • Institutionalized Norms and Rules • Diverse and Representative Civil Society • Stable Government Structures • Muted Cultural Differences

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