Basics of Academic writing

1. Basics of Academic writing Foundation/ IIHS

3. Features of Academic writing • Clear • To the point, concise, precise • Cohesive • Organized • Consistent • Uses citation • Uses a variety of sentence types but more complex structures • Advanced punctuation

4. Features of Academic writing • No short forms * There’s , it’s, didn’t • Advanced connectors such as Furthermore, however, Additionally • Nominal groups (Verbs made into nouns): The application • Passive voice

5. How does one learn it? • Discipline • Practice

6. Focus of this Lesson • Cohesiveness: • Through Planning • Through language

7. Cohesiveness- Planning How?

9. Brainstorming? Mind map?

10. Different Types of Essays • Describe • Compare /Contrast • Problem /solution • Cause /effect • For/ Against

11. Organization of Essays

12. Another Angle Description The author describes a topic by listing characteristics, features, and examples for example, characteristics are Sequence The author lists items or events in numerical or chronological order. first, second, third; next; then; finally Comparison The author explains how two or more things are alike and/or how they are different. different; in contrast; alike; same as; on the other hand Cause and Effect The author lists one or more causes and the resulting effect or effects. reasons why; if...then; as a result; therefore; because Problem and Solution The author states a problem and lists one or more solutions for the problem. A variation of this pattern is the question- and-answer format in which the author poses a question and then answers it. problem is; dilemma is; puzzle is solved; question... Answer http://www.stanford.edu/~arnetha/expowrite/info.html( for more details)

13. Task • Plan the introduction to the following essay. • Many people think that IT should be an integral part of education. Describe the education system in your country and state your opinion on what the role of IT should be in education.

14. Language • Sentence structure: Starting sentences with, • There, It, one, • There are many uses for … • It is possible to analyse • One can clearly see • Using passive voice. • Using Proforms.

15. Pro-forms • Word/ phrase thatrepresents something. • “This chapter deals with the basis of the present research study; it outlines the goals of the study as well as the objectives realized to achieve its main goal.” • Other common pro-forms: This, the former, the latter, these, their

16. Activity : Identify the reference words in this passage • Jenkins (1987) has researched the life cycle of new business. He found that they have an average life of only 4.7 years. This is due to two main reasons; one economic and one social. The former appears to be lacking, the latter, a failure to carry out sufficient market research.

17. Connectives

18. Synonyms • Goal – • Study- • Results- • Area- • Benefit- • Category- • Component- • Concept- • Behavior- • Controversy-

19. Synonyms • Goal – target, aim • Study- learning, research • Results- outcome, findings, achievements • Area- region, field • Benefit- advantages ,positives • Category-division, parts,type • Component-ingredient,parts • Concept-idea, plan • Behavior-conduct,attitude • Controversy- argument disagreement debate

20. Feeling: sensation emotions • Belief : trust faith view thinking • Expansion : extend increase enlarge • Interpretation : explanation, translation analysis thinking • Issue : problem, topic, V: handing over • Method: procedure, system • Option: choice, selection • Statistics: figures • Framework: structure, outline • Trend: direction, tendency

21. Health related vocab • Places • People • Treatment • Illnesses • Injuries (minor and major)

22. Nominization • Ill illness • Investigate investigation • Propose Proposal, Proposition • Medicate • Treat • Infect • Inject • Fit