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1. Which of the following occurred as a result of the development of agriculture…..

1. Which of the following occurred as a result of the development of agriculture….. . Foundations Period Review: (8000 BCE – 600CE) What are the key developments that define this period?. 1. NEOLITHIC TRANSITION marks the shift from hunting/gathering to agriculture.

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1. Which of the following occurred as a result of the development of agriculture…..

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  1. 1. Which of the following occurred as a result of the development of agriculture…..

  2. Foundations Period Review: (8000 BCE – 600CE) What are the key developments that define this period? • 1. NEOLITHIC TRANSITION marks the shift from • hunting/gathering to agriculture. 2. TRADEevolves from simple barter system to long distance trade (Silk Roads, Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea trade). 3. MORE FOOD = MORE PEOPLE: settled life leads to new gender roles and responsibilities, women lose status 4. MAJOR WORLD RELIGIONS develop at this time: Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism, Christianity and Judaism. ISLAM 5. SEDENTARY LIFE = complex political, economic and social organization, arts, architecture and literature and development of EMPIRES (Persian, Han, Roman, Gupta) 6. Cultures in North and South America are physically and culturally isolated

  3. Middle East/ North Africa

  4. Middle East/ North Africa Mesopotamia/ Tigris and Euphrates/ wheat Sumer/ Babylon Ziggaruts Polytheistic Cuneiform/ Epic of Gilgamesh Code of Hammurabi Hittites (iron) Assyrians (iron/ army) Persian Empire (Darius/Royal Road/ postal system/ qanats/ satraps/ tolerance Lydians Phoenicians Hebrews (1000 BCE) Egypt (Old Kingdom/ New Kingdom)/ Nubians Hieroglyphs/ Book of the Dead/ Rosetta Stone Mummification/ pharaohs/ Queen Hatshepsut

  5. Sub-Saharan Africa

  6. Sub-Saharan Africa The Bantu ( West Africa: 2000 BCE- 1000 CE) Desertification Migrations Agriculture Bananas Language Iron metallurgy

  7. Europe

  8. Europe Ancient Greece Athens/ Sparta/ City States (polis) Polis = citizens, free people no political rights, noncitizens Polytheism/ Greek mythology/ Parthenon Persian Wars (Battle of Marathon 490 BCE) Delian League (Pericles) Democracy (slavery allows this) Socrates, Plato, Aristotle Peloponnesian Wars (431-404 BCE) > Philip of Macedon > Alexander the Great (Hellenistic) Ancient Rome/ Roman mythology Roman Republic (patricians/ plebeians/ Senate/ Assembly (later opened to plebeians) Twelve Tables of Rome Punic Wars (264-146 BCE) v Carthage Roman Empire / power of Senate weakened = First Triumvirate (Pompey, Crassus, J Caesar) Julius Caesar = Emperor for Life Architecture/ Roads/ Arches/ Coliseum/ Bread and Circuses/ PaxRomana (31 BCE-180 CE) Paterfamilias Legal inventions: precedent, equity of citizens, interpretation of the law (judges), natural law> SPLIT in 286 CE = Rome and Constantinople (Christianity = 313, Constantine moved Capital to Constantinople 330)

  9. Collapse of the Han Dynasty: Internal Decay and External Pressures Effects? • sinicization of nomadic peoples (adoption of sedentary lifestyle, adoption of Chinese names, dress, intermarriage • rise in Buddhism and Daoism (Confucianism loses credibility: WHY?) • disintegration into regional states

  10. External Pressures: • Visigoths • Attila the Hun • Germanic nomads • Germanic people Sack Rome in 410 CE • Establish Germanic Emperor in 476 CE Germanic invasions and the fall of the Western Roman empire: 450-476 CE

  11. East Asia (China/Japan)

  12. East Asia (China/Japan) Huang He River/ loess/ rice Shang Dynasty (oracle bones/ bronze metallurgy/ dynastic cycles) Zhou Dynasty (mandate of heaven/ veneration of ancestors) Social class system: elite/ free artisans craftsmen/merchants/ peasants/ slaves Confucianism/ Daoism/ Legalism Qin Dynasty: (221 -210 BCE) Shi Huangdi “First Emperor”/ centralization/Great Wall/ book burning/Standardized script, weights and measures/ roads/ tomb of terracotta warriors Han Dynasty: (206 BCE-220 CE): Confucian tradition, civil service exam, paper, Sundials, calendars, silk technology, Silk Road, iron metallurgy, iron plow, scholar gentry, coins, patriarchal… Collapse: land issues, Xiongnu, social unrest, persistent floods and famines, taxes (officials exempt), population increases

  13. South Asia (India)

  14. South Asia (India) Harappa/ Mohenjo-Daro Indus River/ rice and cotton/ sophisticated irrigation systems, sewers, baths Aryans (1000 BCE) vs. Dravidians varna/ caste system = Brahmins, Kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudra (jati) Lawbook of Manu Vedas (Bhagavad-Gita) > Upanishads (800-400 BCE)= Brahman, reincarnation (samsara), moksha, karma Siddhartha Gautama (563-483 BCE)= Buddhism/ Four Noble Truths Mauryan Empire (321-180 BCE ~~) Chandragupta Maurya Ashoka/ rock and pillar edicts Gupta Empire (375-550 CE) “Golden Age” Chandra Gupta/ small bureaucracy but rather relied on tribute pi/ zero, Arabic numerals, mathematics, algebra, decimal system, Women lost rights : lost the right to own or inherit property/ child marriage

  15. The Americas

  16. The Americas Mesoamerica: Olmec (1200-1400 BCE): basalt heads, calendar, ball court, temple architecture, beans, avocados, squash, maize, tomatoes, turkeys, dogs- trade= salt/ cacao/ jade/ pottery abundant rainfall = no intensive irrigation systems Maya (as early as 600 BCE = El Mirador, Guatemala) Massive temple architecture/ hieroglyphs/ ritual calendar/ polytheism/ pottery/ jade/ social class system, extensive irrigation and trade systems…. Teotihuacan 500 CE South America: Chavin ( 900-250 BCE): Peruvian coastal plain/ foothills of the Andes Chavin de Huantar (10,300 feet altitude: vertical environmental zones… Maize, llama, silver/gold craftsmen, textiles, social class system North America: ?

  17. 600-1450 CE: What are the key developments that define this period? • TRADE (a continuity): tremendous growth in long distance trade: addition of Trans-Saharan trade route: Pax Mongolia • TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS: magnetic compass, ship-building technology, gunpowder, printing press, paper money 3. POPULATION MOVEMENT: cultural contact increased: Nomadic groups with settled peoples 4. ISLAM (with Christianity and Buddhism) preach equality of all believers: missionary efforts 5. CULTURAL IDENTITES SOLIDIFIED: Church/Christianity as unifying force in Western Europe, spread of Buddhism and Islam create a new cultural world (broad based), dar-al-Islam 6. POLITICAL: centralized empires (Byzantine, Arab Caliphates, Tang/Song, Aztec/Inca) vs. decentralizd (Japan, Europe)

  18. Middle East/ North Africa

  19. Middle East/ North Africa Muhammad (570 CE- 632 CE) Bedouins/ Kaba/ Mecca/ Medina/ Five Pillars of Faith/ hijra/ hajj Sharia/ umma/ ulama/ madrasas/ minaret Sunni (Abu Bakr) v Shia (Ali) / caliph Umayyad Dynasty (Damascus) Abbasid Dynasty (Baghdad) “Golden Age of Islam” Dar-al-Islam/ Cordoba/ jizya Ibn Battuta BYZANTINE EMPIRE Justinian (527-565)/ Theodora/ casaeropapism Justinian’s Code/ flourishing of the arts and culture (mosaics) Hagia Sophia/ PATRIARCH/ Orthodox Christianity 1054 CE: pope and patriarch excommunicated each other/ Wording, beards, icons, unleavened bread, Doctrine: Father, Son and Holy Ghost?? Seat of faith: Rome or Constantinople? Birds and thrones that moved??

  20. The Byzantine empire and its neighbors 527-554 C.E. • Commercial, strategic location on Bosporus • Constantine moves capital of Early Byzantine Empire here • in 340 CE • Byzantine Empire inherits the Roman Empire after fall • of Rome 476 CE

  21. Sub-Saharan Africa

  22. Sub-Saharan Africa West Africa: “Stateless society”: griots Ghana (800-1000 CE) gold/salt Mali (1200-1450 CE): Sundiata/ Mansa Musa/ gold/salt/ hajj East Africa: Kush and Axum/ Swahili City States Great Zimbabwe Benin

  23. Europe

  24. Europe Feudal Middle Ages Early Middle Ages Manoralism (economic) (500-1000 CE) Feudalism (political/social) High Middle Ages Lords/ serfs/ retainers (1000-1500 CE) (1000-1500 CE) (vassals/ knights/ code of chivalry)________________________________ Franks/ Clovis Carolingnians/ Charles “The Hammer” Martel/ Charlemagne (800 CE) Vikings> Greenland/ Huns (Attila)….. etc Stability = church and Benedictine monasteries Holy Roman Empire> Otto I_(962 CE)___________________________________ Regional monarchs> kingdoms grew to centralized governments by 1450 King John of England signs Magna Carta/ parliaments created BLACK ______________________________________________________________ PLAGUE CRUSADES/ Pope Urban II 1095/ infidels/ Saladin = effects? Hanseatic League/ guilds/ growth of trade and banking and towns/troubadouers Scholasticism/ St. Thomas Aquinas/ Gothic architecture/ stained glass/ printing press/ vernacular RENAISSANCE

  25. East Asia (China/ Japan) AND Central Asia

  26. East Asia (China/ Japan) AND Central Asia Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE): poetry/ Grand Canal/ expansion! tribute system = Vietnam/ Korea/ Tibet Fast ripening rice/equal field system/ heavy plows/ terrace farming/ porcelain paper money/ letters of credit “flying cash”/ GUNPOWDER Civil service exam = emphasis on bureaucracy of merit Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE): encyclopedias/ histories/ block printing> Moveable type printing/footbinding Ship building/ junks/ water clocks/ compass/ tea/ cotton sails Buddhism > spreads to China/ Mahayana (vs Theravada?) Chan Buddhism (Zen Buddhism in Japan) (nature/beauty/meditation) Neo-Confucianism (Buddhism/ soul and the individual) Feudal Japan Shogun/ bakufu Daimyo (part nobility) Samurai (part knight)/ code of bushido(loyalty/courage/honor) Women not held in high esteem like in medieval Europe_________________________________ MONGOLS: “Submit and Live, Resist and Die” > Pax Mongolia Genghis Khan/ steppe diplomacy/ Golden Horde/ Ilkhanate of Persia/ Yuan Dynasty Kublai Khan: administration/ treatment of conquered peoples/ Marco Polo Tamerlane

  27. Nara Period: 710-794 CE Height of Chinese influence in Japan/ equal field system…. Permanent establishment of Buddhism Chinese influence faded with fall of Tang dynasty Heian Period: 794-1185 CE Fujiwara and Minamoto families Fujiwara become defacto rulers end of period saw rise of military clans/ civil wars Kamkura Period: 1185-1333 CE (Medieval Period) post-Chinese Minamoto family victorious pre-Modern did not abolish imperial rule but claimed to rule in the name of the emperor emperor as figurehead installed clan leader as SHOGUN established tradition of SAMURAI (Bushido) Japan First Minamoto shogun

  28. South Asia (India)

  29. South Asia (India) Indian Ocean Basin Trading System Goa/ Swahili City States Fall of Gupta = Harsha (short lived empire) Sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526): Islamic, relied on cooperation of Hindu kings and large armies to expand their rule, 19/35 sultans assassinated, intolerant of polytheistic Hindu beliefs- tried to convert them to Islam/ jizya tax/ destroyed many Hindu temples/ Buddhism dwindled merchants celebrated/ sufi mystics however: colleges were founded, mosques built, some religious conversion in the north (south remained Hindu) Kingdom of Vijayanangar(Deccan Plateau): Islamic but then converted to Hinduism Southeast Asia: Angkor Wat and Borobudur

  30. The trading world of the Indian Ocean basin, 600-1600 C.E. Agricultural production increased with knowledge of monsoons Seasonal irrigation techniques crucial to avoid drought and famine: Massive construction of canals, reservoirs, tunnels

  31. Angkor Wat: Hinduism, Buddhism Kingdom of Angkor (89-1431 CE) • Islam In Southeast Asia: • Early populations of Muslim traders • Increasing popularity of Sufi activity • Many convert, retain some Hindu or Buddhist traditions

  32. Kalas: The Destructive side Of Shiva

  33. Mucalinda, Naga King who Shielded Buddha Vishnu

  34. Shiva

  35. Borobudur Temple, Java 8th-10th Century

  36. 98 ft tall, >500 Buddha statues, 1000 relief panels, 1500 stupas

  37. The Americas

  38. The Americas MAYA (600-900 CE) Tikal, Palenque, temple architecture, centralized government with kings, ceremonial centers, stelae, Hieroglyphs, jade, polytheism, long distance trade routes, ritual bloodletting, salt, obsidian, NO WHEEL, astronomy, ball court AZTECS (mid 1200s- 1519) Tenochtitlan: 12 million people, centralized government, warrior class but no standing army, Lake Texcoco, chinampas, heavy tribute, tribute states, bloodletting, human sacrifice, calpulli pochtecas, craft specialization, Topiltzin, nahuatl, ball court INCA (1100- 1533 (death of Atahualpa) Cuzco, mita labor, centralized government with king, Inca road system, quipu, Inti, llamas, Machu Picchu, Allyu, no merchant class, mummy bundles North America: Pueblos, Anasazi, Navajo, Woodland, Iroquois, NW Coast: Tlingit

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