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1. Transformation of microFinance in India: Experiences, Options and Future M S Sriram and Rajesh Upadhyayula
Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad
2. microFinance Defined microFinance means many things - But the contours may be:
Piloted by the alternate sector
Focussed on the poor
Having roots in development
3. The Setting
4. What triggers transformation? Size
Diversity of services
Financial sustainability
Focus
Taxation
5. What are the International Experiences in Transformation? Bolivia and Africa: Transformation of NGOs
To Banks
To FFPs
Indonesia: Transformation of mainstream
To microFinance methods
Bangladesh: Transformation of a project
Grameen Bank
Other NGOs transforming to Banks
6. Challenges in the Indian context Size
Growth in geographic area
Growth in portfolio/client size
Diversity of Services
MFOs wanting to offer Savings
MFOs wanting to offer Risk Products
7. Challenges in the Indian context Financial Sustainability
Internal growth
Access to funds
Focus
Other Developmental activities V/s mF
Degree of specialisation needed for mF
8. Challenges in the Indian context Tax Status
For-profit mF activity V/s not-for-profit NGO activities
Tax status of donor money
9. Options for Transformation (Spin off) Company (NBFC)
Poverty School
Share - Transformation with growth
CFTS - Start up as NBFC
ASA - Through MBTs (proposed)
Sustainability School
BASIX - Complex structuring (holding company, borrowings and equity from developmental and commercial sources)
10. Options for Transformation (Spin off) Examining NBFCs
+ Access to financial markets
+ Access to bank finance
+ Can Operate across the country
Limited options for offering savings
Re-capitalisation for growth may be tough
Steep entry norms (Rs.20 million initial)
Not easy to get registrations
11. Options for Transformation (Spin off) Examining Co-operatives
MACS, Urban Co-operative Banks
+Small and dispersed institutions, that could organically grow and federate
+Involves the community in decision making as it is member-user-governed
+Easy entry norms
+Best route for SHGs to formalise
+Can offer many services including savings
12. Options for Transformation (Spin off) Examining Co-operatives
Geographic limitations
Does not have a good image, attracting outside capital will be a problem
Recent scams in urban co-operative sector might lead to tightening of regulation
13. Options for Transformation (Spin off) Needs to earn enough profits to show that it is operationally self-sufficient
It could also be financially self-sufficient, but no pressure to plow back profits or hit the capital market
The concerns would be to keep costs under control and revenues on target to demonstrate
14. Options for Transformation (Spin off) Set up a Local Area Bank
+ Flexibility to offer diverse products
+ Cost of funds likely to be lower, so the impact on the poor with be better
Steep initial capital (Rs. 50 million)
Difficulty in getting licence
Limitation in geographic growth (3 contiguous districts)
15. Implications for regulation Allow MFOs to grow organically
Allow for expansion in area in case of co-operatives and LABs, subject to minimum performance
Allow for NGOs to invest in for-profit MFOs such as NBFCs and LABS
No change in entry norms - ensure only serious players come to the field