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The Developing Person 

The Developing Person . I. Different Perspectives on Development II. Developmental Processes III. Cognitive Dvmt IV. Social and Emotional Development V. Moral Dvmt VI. Erikson's Lifespan Development VII. Language Development. I. Different Perspectives.

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The Developing Person 

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  1. The Developing Person  I. Different Perspectives on Development II. Developmental Processes III. Cognitive Dvmt IV. Social and Emotional Development V. Moral Dvmt VI. Erikson's Lifespan Development VII. Language Development

  2. I. Different Perspectives Developmental psychology-concerned with changes in physical/psychological functioning across lifespan (from conception) Some Issues: 1. Nature vs. Nurture 2. Discontinuous vs Continuous theories 3. Stability/Change

  3. Developmental Research 1. Types a. normative investigations b. Longitudinal c. Cross-sectional d. Sequential

  4. Data Collection Methods 2. Data Collection a. habituation: decrease in response, habit b. dishabituation: responds to new stimulus c. also facial expressions, sucking

  5. II. Developmental Processes A. Physical development Prenatal: • 10 days after conception, attaches to uterine wall-then becomes embryo, 9 weeks-fetus • teratogens: harmful agents, FAS, smoking, etc.--all can affect psychological dvmt • heart beat at 3 wks, 1/6 inch long • early as 6th week-responses to stimulation • feel movement at 17 weeks, 7 inches long • sex vs. gender • gender determined at 8 wks

  6. Newborn development • brain mass increases 50% by 2 yrs • 80% next 2 yrs, levels off at 11 yrs • tendencies such as temperament • mostly reflexes: rooting, grasping, babinski

  7. Newborn development Sensory dvmt • prefer female voice at birth • prefer mother's voice at few weeks-turn head to voice • newborn legally blind 20/500, receptors still forming connections • 1 day old-sight, 1/10 inch, 2 months, 1/20 in, 8 mos, 1/80 in, 6 yr/us-1/300 • 1 mo, recognize shape of person's head, • 7 wks, facial features detect person • 2 mos. color-white, red, orange, blue • 3 mos-depth perception, not fully developed • depth perception, visual cliff-crawling at 6-9 mos • 12 hours old, distinguishes sweet (sugar) taste from sour • also bad smells they don't like-rotten egg, etc • learn mothers odor in 3 days

  8. C. Maturation-typical of species

  9. III. Cognitive Development • Jean Piaget, Swiss Psychologist • Schemes • Assimilation & Accommodation • Conservation

  10. Piaget’s Stages Stages 1. Sensorimotor (0-2)-senses & actions -object permanence, stranger anxiety 2. Pre-Operational (2-7) -egocentrism, no conservation, -centration, animistic thinking 3. Concrete Operational (7-12)-reversible actions, mathematical transformations, conservation 4. Formal Operations (12+)-true logic, abstract reasoning, algebra

  11. IV. Social and Emotional Development • Harry Harlow’s studies • Temperament (Kagan) • Thomas & Chess-3 styles • Difficult, easy, slow-to-warm-up • Bowlby, Harlow, Ainsworth

  12. 1. Attachment Theory A. Bowlby’s idea B. Harlow’s idea of contact comfort C. Mary Ainsworth’s “Strange Situation” and attachment styles

  13. Ainsworth’s Attachment The Strange Situation Methodology based on Stranger and Separation Anxiety 3 Primary styles: 1. Secure (56%) 2. Insecure Type A: Anxious-Avoidant (25%) Type C: Anxious-Resistant/ambivalent (19%)

  14. More attachment... • A 4th Attachment style: Disorganized/Disoriented • Identified by Main & Solomon (1990)

  15. 2. The Influence of Culture & Gender • Collectivism and Individualism • Child-rearing • Gender • Social learning Theory-Bandura • Gender Schema Theory-Bem

  16. V. Moral Development • What’s different about adolescence? • Sexual maturity, transition, relationships • What is Morality? • A system of beliefs, values and underlying judgements about right and wrong • What is Moral Development? • Concerns rules and conventions about how people should behave in their interactions with others

  17. Moral Development • Kohlberg’s Theory (1950’s) • Moral Dilemma • Moral reasoning • Carol Gilligan’s Two Voices • Voice of Justice • Voice of Caring

  18. Kohlberg’s Levels Progressive stages Levels and Stages: Reason for moral behavior: I. Preconventional Morality-oneself (before age 9) Stage 1: Pleasure/Pain orientation Avoid pain or getting caught Stage 2: Cost/Benefit orientation Achieve/receive rewards reciprocity (eye for an eye) II. Conventional Morality-others/r-ships, society (early adolescence) Stage 3: "good child" orientation Gain acceptance, avoid disapproval Stage 4: Law and order orientation Follow rules, avoid penalties III. Postconventional (Principled) morality-universal principles Stage 5: Social contract orientation Promote the welfare of one's society Stage 6: Ethical principle orientation Achieve justice, avoid self-condemnation Stage 7: Cosmic orientation BE true to universal principles; feel oneself part of a cosmic direction that transcends social norms

  19. Parenting Styles Parenting styles -Baumrind-1971: A. Authoritarian: restrictive, punitive style B. Authoritative: encourages independence C. Permissive Parenting -permissive indulgent -permissive neglectful

  20. VI. Erikson’s Life-span Development

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