Presentation Transcript

1. Ethics Presentation.

   on the ethics of animal testing
2. Introduction "Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research, and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals in experiments" -wiki Animal testing is vast. Over 100 million animals are used yearly which breaks down to three animals per second. By law, to insure patient safety, new medications have to be tested on animals.
3. Introduction Products are tested on animals for Safety,liability and efficacy Safety: potential hazards to humans Liability : non regulated products like cosmetics are tested to protect against legal action to the company marketing that product. Efficacy: test the efficiency of the product
4. Ethics are… the cost benefit analysis of the relationship between an individual and others We will begin with the pro side of this discussion...
5. Ethics : Good 1. Animal research accelerates science has played a vital in every medical breakthroughs in the past 100 years reported by the California Biomedical Research Association 2. Animals and Humans similar in organ structure thus making them ideal candidates chimpanzees share 99% of their DNA with humans, and mice are 98% genetically similar to humans.
6. Ethics: Good 3. Animal testing contributes the creation of penicillin, insulin and the Polio Vaccine all were reliant on animal testing 4. Animal testing helps keep us safe i.e. Thalidomide case if thalidomide had been properly tested on pregnant animals, its potential for causing severe birth defects would have been discovered before the drug became legal for human use.Testing on animals showed that the drug induced birth defects in mice, rats, hamsters, marmosets, baboons, and the New Zealand white rabbit _procon.org_
7. Ethics: Bad 1. Humans and animals don't always react in the same way to a drug : TGN1412 was tested in both animals and humans and although the animals did not appear to suffer from any maladies, the human patients suffered life-threatening side-effects. About 92% of experimental drugs which are proven in animals to be safe and effective fail human trials due to them being dangerous or ineffective. 2.Very Few animal testing trials produce very beneficial results : All the research which used animal testing in the EU was investigated recently. The investigators found that animal testing generally has a high scientific value, but that very few animal testing trials have a high medical benefit.
8. Conclusion of Ethics Ethically we feel…
9. Morals are... the decision of right and wrong coming from an authoritative figure (i.e. from a leader or a god) Next we will quickly cover the moral side to the argument….
10. Morals “For what happens to the children of man and what happens to the beasts is the same; as one dies, so dies the other. They all have the same breath, and man has no advantage over the beasts, for all is vanity. “ -Ecclesiastes 3:19 “Non-injury, truthfulness, freedom from theft, lust, anger and greed, and an effort to do what is agreeable and beneficial to all creatures - this is the common duty of all castes. … To be non-violent to human beings and to be a killer or enemy of the poor animals is Satan's philosophy. In this age there is always enmity against poor animals and therefore the poor creatures are always anxious.” -Srimad Bhagavatam ( hindu scripture) "It is forbidden, according to the Torah, to hurt any living creature. It is, on the contrary, one’s duty to save any living creature, be he ownerless, or if he belongs to a non-Jew." -Shulhan Aruch
11. Morals "A good deed done to an animal is as meritorious as a good deed done to a human being, while an act of cruelty to an animal is as bad as an act of cruelty to a human being" (Hadith Mishkat, Book 6, Ch. 7, 8:178). (Islam) “A righteous man regardeth the life of the beast’ “ (Proverbs 12.10) “All living things fear being beaten with clubs./All living things fear being put to death. Putting oneself in the place of the other,/Let no one kill nor cause another to kill.” Dhammapada verse no. 129 (Buddhist)
12. Morals Legislation: Animal Welfare Act (AWA) – A federal law that addresses the standard of care animals receive at research facilities. Yet it excludes roughly 95% of the animals tested upon (such as rats, mice, birds, fish, and reptiles) and provides only minimal protection for the rest. Labs are not required to report non-AWA protected animals. Public Health Service(PHS) – The PHS oversees the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The CDC conducts infectious disease research on nonhuman primates, rabbits, mice, and other animals, while FDA requirements mean exploitation of animals in pharmaceutical research. The PHS requires only written assurance of compliance through the Office of Laboratory Welfare (OLAW). When a facility is found deficient, OLAW takes little action, has no mandated follow-up, or on-site inspection. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) – With only 120 inspectors, the USDA oversees more than 12,000 facilities involved in research, exhibition, breeding, or dealing of animals. Federally-owned facilities, like the Department of Defense, are not inspected by the USDA–which is the agency charged with enforcing the AWA through the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). Penalties for non-compliance are often virtually inconsequential in comparison to massive research revenues. _aldf.org_
13. Morals “According to Humane Society International, animals used in experiments are commonly subjected to force feeding, forced inhalation, food and water deprivation, prolonged periods of physical restraint, the infliction of burns and other wounds to study the healing process, the infliction of pain to study its effects and remedies, and "killing by carbon dioxide asphyxiation, neck-breaking, decapitation, or other means." “The Draize eye test, used by cosmetics companies to evaluate irritation caused by shampoos and other products, involves rabbits being incapacitated in stocks with their eyelids held open by clips, sometimes for multiple days, so they cannot blink away the products being tested.” “The commonly used LD50 (lethal dose 50) test involves finding out which dose of a chemical will kill 50% of the animals being used in the experiment.” “The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) reported in 2010 that 97,123 animals suffered pain during experiments while being given no anesthesia for relief, including 1,395 primates, 5,996 rabbits, 33,652 guinea pigs, and 48,015 hamsters” _procon.org_
14. Conclusion of Morals Morally we feel… It is morally (responsible or irresponsible) to use animals in labs...
15. In conclusion Ethics and Morality is very different. Ethics are the the cost benefit analysis of the relationship between an individual and others and Morality is the authoritative view of right or wrong. In this example we concluded that the use of animals in labs is ethically …. and morally….
16. Resources Used https://www.dosomething.org/facts/11-facts-about-animal-testing http://aldf.org/resources/when-you-witness-animal-cruelty/animal-testing-and-the-law/ http://www.planet-science.com/categories/over-11s/technology/2011/09/animal-testing---the-facts.aspx http://www.worldanimal.net/documents/4_Religion.pdf http://www.urbandharma.org/udharma7/animalrights.html http://animal-testing.procon.org/