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Book 2 Unit 7

Book 2 Unit 7. Space Travel. Text A The Hazards of Space Travel. Quit. Contents. 1. Background Information & Cultural Notes. 2. Lead-in. 3. Text Structures. Text A. 4. Sentence Study. 5. Words & Phrases. 6. Key to Exercises. Quit. Background Information & Cultural Notes.

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Book 2 Unit 7

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  1. Book 2 Unit 7 Space Travel Text A The Hazards of Space Travel Quit

  2. Contents 1 Background Information & Cultural Notes 2 Lead-in 3 Text Structures Text A 4 Sentence Study 5 Words & Phrases 6 Key to Exercises Quit

  3. Background Information & Cultural Notes International Space Station (ISS) Cosmic rays Zero gravity A supernova explosion Columbia Space Shuttle Home

  4. Background Information & Cultural Notes International Space Station (ISS)国际空间站 Led by the US, the ISS draws upon the scientific and technological resources of 16 nations: Canada, Japan, Russia, 11 nations of the European Space Agency and Brazil. Orbit construction of the station began in 1998 and is scheduled for completion by later 2011. The ISS is by far the largest artificial satellite that has ever orbited Earth. It serves as a research laboratory that has a microgravity environment in which crews conduct experiments in biology, chemistry, medicine, physiology and physics, as well as astronomical and meteorological observations. Home Back

  5. International Space Station (ISS) 正在建造中的一个国际大项目，由美国、俄罗斯、日本、加拿大以及多个欧洲国家等参加，耗资将达数百亿美元。它由36个组件组成，总重量为470吨，体积为1200立方米，长88米，太阳能电池幅长110米，供电系统的功率超过50千瓦，它将保证由7名宇航员组成的乘员组在40万米高度的轨道上长期飞行和工作。空间站可容纳15人同时进行科学考察，它的使用寿命约为15年 Home Back

  6. Background Information & Cultural Notes Cosmic rays宇宙射线: are high energy charged particles in our outer space that travel at nearly the speed of light. Most cosmic rays are the nuclei of atoms, ranging from the lightest to the heaviest elements in the periodic table. The term usually refers to the galactic cosmic rays (GCR), which originate in sources outside the solar system, distributed throughout our Milky Way galaxy. About 85 percent of the GCRs are protons (nuclei of hydrogen atoms), with approximately 12 percent consisting of alpha particles (helium nuclei). The remainders are electrons and nuclei of heavier atoms. nuclei: ['nju:kliai]原子核（nucleus的复数形式） Home Back

  7. Cosmic rays 宇宙射线 Home Back

  8. Background Information & Cultural Notes Zero gravity (0 g)零重力，失重: Zero gravity is the weightlessness--any condition equivalent to experiencing little or no acceleration or gravitational attraction, e.g., far from a planet, star, or other massive body. The human body is adapted to the gravitational field at the surface of the Earth, which is one gravity (1 g), and a weightless environment can have adverse effects on human health. Home Back

  9. Background Information & Cultural Notes A supernova explosion 超新星爆炸 is an extremely energetic star explosion. Supernovae (pl) are extremely luminous and cause a burst of radiation that often briefly outshines an entire galaxy, before fading from view over several weeks or months. During this short interval a supernova can radiate as much as energy as the Sun is expected to emit over its entire life span. 明亮的 Home Back

  10. Background Information & Cultural Notes A supernova explosion Home Back

  11. Background Information & Cultural Notes Columbia Space Shuttle哥伦比亚航天飞机 was the first space shuttle in NASA’s (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) orbit fleet. Columbia was successfully launched on April 12, 1981 and returned on April 14, 1981, after orbiting the Earth 36 times. It completed 27 missions before being destroyed during re-entry on February1, 2003 near the end of its 28th mission. All seven crew members were killed. Home Back

  12. Columbia Space Shuttle The crew Home Back

  13. Lead-in Why do you think humans explore into outer space? Question 1 Home

  14. Lead-in Question 1Why do you think humans explore into outer space? PERHAPS there are three reasons for human beings to explore the outer space. Firstly, humans want to find larger space to live because of the population explosion. Secondly, humans need new resources to keep on survival because of their waste and destruction of the limited energy resources on the earth. Thirdly, human beings want to explore the outer space just because they want to see what the outer space looks like. S U R V I V A L D E V E L O P M E N T C U R I O S I T Y Home

  15. Lead-in What dangers or risks do you know about humans’ exploration into outer space? Question 2 Home

  16. Question 2 Dangers or risks in outer space? The dangers or risks are so far not easy to tell clearly, but the greatest danger is to lose life; humans can’t return to the earth. Other risks may come from the unknown effects on human bodies, for example, the effects of zero gravity and cosmic rays. And the unpredictable living beings. Home

  17. Lead-in Do you know zero gravity? What effects does it have on human health? Question 3 Home

  18. Lead-in Question 3 Zero gravity Zero gravity is the weightless condition. It may have effect on humans’ bone, muscles, and heart, and so on. The most common problem experienced by humans in the initial hours of weightlessness is known as space adaptation syndrome or SAS, commonly referred to as space sickness. Symptoms of SAS include nausea([‘nɔ:ziə]恶心)and vomiting, vertigo (眩晕), headaches, lethargy(嗜睡), and overall malaise(不适). Astronauts on the International Space Station display an example of weightlessness. Michael Foale can be seen exercising in the foreground Home

  19. Lead-in Question 3 Zero gravity The most significant adverse effects of long-term weightlessness are muscle atrophy(肌肉萎缩) and deterioration of the skeleton, or spaceflight osteopenia(骨质减少). These effects can be minimized through a regimen(养生法) of exercise. Astronauts subject to long periods of weightlessness wear pants with elastic bands attached between waistband and cuffs to compress the leg bones and reduce osteopenia. Other significant effects include fluid redistribution (causing the “moon-face” appearance typical of pictures of astronauts in weightlessness), a slowing of the cardiovascular system, decreased production of red blood cells, balance disorders, and a weakening of the immune system. Home

  20. Text Structure I.Introduction (Para.1) of exploration reasons and technological advances II.The dangers of human’s exploration into outer space (Para. 2-7) III. The two problems (Para. 8-9) IV. Conclusion (Para. 10-11) with three solutions Home

  21. Text Structure I.Introduction (Para.1) This paragraph presents the three reasons for humans’ exploration into the outer space and the tremendous advances that humans have achieved in rocket and spaceship technologies during the past 50 years. The three reasons are: for new food sources or safe habitats; as a result of population pressures or environmental changes; human’s curiosity.

  22. Text Structure II. The dangers of human’s exploration into outer space (Para. 2-7) • (Para.2-4) present the effects of zero gravity (0g) on humans’ bodies, such as loss of bone mass (骨质流失) and muscle deterioration (肌肉退化), and other problems in the cardiovascular system, such as orthostatic intolerance (直立耐受不良), cardiac arrhythmia and atrophy (心律失常和心肌萎缩).

  23. Text Structure II. The dangers of human’s exploration into outer space (Para. 2-7) • (Para.5-7) present the health dangers of radiation in space, that is the effects that the high-energy, ionizing cosmic ray (HZE) nuclei (高能宇宙射线核子) have on biological material, for example, the cancer-inducing, and other potential harmful effects.

  24. Text Structure III. The two problems (Para. 8-9) the shortage of funds because of NASA’s cuts in funding; and the shortage of the concerned information—the basic information about the hazards of space and travel will not be completed within the next 10-20 years.

  25. Text Structure IV.Conclusion (Para. 10-11) with three solutions: — to use unmanned spacecraft; — to provide massively increased funding for the ISS; — to construct new lift-off capabilities and a much faster spacecraft. 垂直发射 Home

  26. Sentence Study 1 The migration of expansive species depends on exploring their immediate or distant surroundings for new food sources or safe habitats; it can also come as a result of population pressures or environmental changes. The human species has added another reason for exploration, namely curiosity. (Line 1, Para.1) migration: n. 迁移，移居，迁徙 seasonal migration 季节性迁移 the annual migration of birds候鸟每年的迁移 mass migrations 大规模的迁移 1. There has been a migration of people from the country to the towns.人们从乡下移居城镇。 habitat: n. （动物的）栖息地，（植物的）产地 1. I prefer to see animals in their natural habitat, rather than in zoos. 我喜欢看生活在自然栖息地的动物而非动物园内的动物。 2. The panda’s natural habitat is the bamboo forest. 大熊猫的天然栖息地是竹林。 To Be Continued Home

  27. Sentence Study 1 Paraphrase: The species whose size grows bigger and bigger would move to live in another place once they have explored the new surrounding for new food sources or safe living places. Such migration could be caused by expanding population or environmental changes. 物种的规模变得越来越大，由此带来的迁移要依赖于对临近或遥远环境的探索，看看是否能找到新的食物来源或安全的栖息地。这种迁移也可以看成是人口增长或是环境变化的结果。而人类还增加了另外一个探索的原因，即好奇心。 Home

  28. Sentence Study 2 Although they do not reach the Earth’s surface because they are either absorbed by the atmosphere or deflected by Earth’s magnetic field, there are already some experimental data on the cancer-inducing properties of electron, neutrons and protons in cosmic rays and other potential deleterious effects on biological material from numerous Earth-based experiments on laboratory animals. (Line 3, Para.5) • deleterious: adj. harmful to living things有毒，有害的 • deleterious gases 有毒气体； • be deleterious on plants对植物有害 To Be Continued Home

  29. Sentence Study 2 Paraphrase: Although HZE nuclei do not reach the Earth’s surface because they are either absorbed by the atmosphere or redirected by the Earth’s magnetic field, Earth-based experiments on laboratory animals show cosmic rays can cause cancer and other harmful effects. 尽管HZE核子无法到达地球表面，因为他们要么是被大气层所吸收，要么是被地球磁场影响而发生偏转，但是已经有实验数据表明宇宙射线中的电子，中子和质子有致癌作用以及其它一些对机体有害的潜在影响。这些都已经在地球上的许多实验室动物中得到观察。 Home

  30. Sentence Study 3 The biological effects of HZE nuclei on cancer induction, the central nervous system, the immune system and the eyes are not well known, nor have the interaction of radiation effects at 0g been studied. (Line 3, Para.6) • interaction: n. 互动，相互作用 • the interaction between performers and their audience • 演员和观众时间的互动 • the interaction of bacteria with the body’s natural chemistry • 细菌和身体的天然化学变化的相互作用 To Be Continued Home

  31. Sentence Study 3 Paraphrase: The humans do not know so well about the biological effects of HZE nuclei on cancer induction, the central nervous system, the immune system and the eyes; they have not studied the interaction of radiation effects at 0g, either. HZE核子对诱发癌症，中枢神经系统、免疫系统和眼睛的生理影响还不明确，辐射影响与零重力之间的相互作用也未做研究。 Home

  32. Sentence Study 4 We also need a continuing, rotating crew of at least six astronauts to obtain epidemiologically significant data on the physiological and psychological effects of 0g on astronauts and the efficacy of countermeasures. (Line 3, Para.9) • epidemiology n. the scientific study of the spread and control of disease 流行病学； • epidemiologically adv. 流行病学地； • countermeasure n. 对策，反抗手段； • countermeasures to neutralize the threat of terrorism • 消除恐怖主义威胁的对策 To Be Continued Home

  33. Sentence Study 4 Paraphrase: we also need at least six astronauts to take turns to work continuously to get medically reliable data on the bodily and mental effect of 0g on astronauts and the usefulness of the actions taken to overcome the effects. 为了获取流行病学的有效数据，我们同时还需要至少六名宇航员轮翻上阵，持续不断地试验，来获取零重力对宇航员生理和心理影响的数据并验证对策的有效性。 Home

  34. Expressions New Words • inquisitive • abyss • mitigate • deterioration • deflect • hazardous • exacerbate • efficacy • eclipse • envisage New Words & Expressions 11. exert effect on 12. lift-off Home

  35. New Words inquisitive [in'kwizətiv]adj. (1) (disapproving）asking too many questions and trying to find out about what other people are doing, etc.过分好奇，爱打听; (2)very interested in learning about many different things 好奇的，好问的,爱钻研的 1. inquisitive Para 1, Line 6 • 别这么追根问底的。这与你无关！ • Don’t be so inquisitive. It’s none of your business! • 2. 他过分好奇的本性不止一次给自己招来麻烦。 • His inquisitive nature got him into trouble more than once. • 3. 儿童一般都好奇爱问。 • Children are usually inquisitive. Back

  36. New Words 2. abyss Para. 1, Line 8 abyss/’æbis/n．[literally or figuratively] a very deep wide space or hole that seems to have no bottom深渊 e.g. the abysses of sky and sea海天深处; an abyss of ignorance/loneliness无知到极点/无尽的孤寂； the abyss of time时光绵绵; 1. He was plunged into an abyss of despair. 他栽进了绝望的深渊。 2. The country is stepping back from the edge of abyss. 该国临渊而退。 Back

  37. New Words mitigatev. to make sth. less harmful, serious, etc.减轻、缓和；使缓和，使温和 e.g. action to mitigate poverty 减轻贫穷的行动；mitigate a punishment减轻处罚； mitigate anger平息怒气；mitigate possible dangers使潜在的危险缓和下来； 3. mitigate Para. 3, Line 3 • 植树造林减轻了土壤侵蚀。 • Soil erosion was mitigated by the planting of trees. • 2. 阵阵凉风降低了白天的高温。 • Cool breezes mitigated the heat of the day. Back

  38. New Words deterioration n. the process of changing to an inferior state 恶化，变坏；退化；堕落 Para. 4, Line 13 4. deterioration • e.g. a serious deterioration in relations between the two countries • 两国关系的严重恶化; a sudden deterioration in the weather 天气突然变坏；mental deterioration 精神衰颓； • 他为骨质疏松老化所苦，因而拄着手杖走路。 • He had trouble with bone deterioration and walked with a cane. Back

  39. New Words deflect[di'flekt]n. (1) to change direction or make sth. change direction, especially after hitting sth. （尤指击中某物后）使偏斜/转向；转移，引开； 5. deflect Para. 5, Line 4 (2) to succeed in preventing sth. from being directed towards you挡住 1. 他举起手臂试图挡开这一击。 He raised his arm to try to deflect the blow. 1. 球被弹到附近的柱子上。 The ball was deflected to the near post. 2. 球打在里德身上反弹进球门。 The ball deflected off Reid’s body into the goal. (3) to prevent sb from doing sth that they are determined to do 阻止某人做（已决定做的事） 1. 他绝不让别人改变它的目的。 He never lets himself be deflected from his purpose. Back

  40. New Words hazardous['hæzədəs]adj. involving risk or danger, especially to sb’s health or safety危险的，有害的 e.g. hazardous waste/chemicals 有害废物/化学制品; a list of products that are potentially hazardous to health 对健康有潜在危害的产品清单； a hazardous journey 危险的旅程; 1. 投资这么多会有风险的。 It would be hazardous to invest so much. 6. hazardous Para. 7, Line 5 Back

  41. New Words exacerbate[ek'sæsəbeit, iɡz-]v. to make sth. worse, especially a disease or problem 使加深，使恶化，使加剧，使加重 e.g. exacerbate one’s misery 加深自己的不幸； 7. exacerbate Para. 8, Line 12 3. 预料的坏收成将加剧社会紧张局势。 An anticipated bad harvest will exacerbate social tensions. 4. 这些症状可能会因为某些药物而加重。 The symptoms may be exacerbated by certain drugs. 1.由于炎热她的病恶化了。 Her illness was exacerbated by the heat. 2. 他挑衅性的反应只能使情况更糟。 His aggressive reaction only exacerbated the situation. Back

  42. New Words efficacy[‘efikəsi]n. the ability of sth., especially a drug or medical treatment, to produce the results that are wanted功效，效力，效验 e.g. the efficacy of the new policy 新政策的效力； 8. efficacy Para. 9, Line 5 1. 阿司匹林治头痛的功效是众所周知的。 The efficacy of aspirin in relieving headaches is well known. 2. 该署不断检讨防治虫鼠的方法，务求提高工作成效。 The methodology used in pest control is continuously reviewed to enhance effectiveness and efficacy. Back

  43. New Words eclipse [i'klips](1)n. An eclipse of the sun is an occasion when the moon is between the earth and the sun, so that for a short time you cannot see part or all of the sun. An eclipse of the moon is an occasion when the earth is between the sun and the moon, so that for a short time you cannot see part or all of the moon. (日、月) 食 9. eclipse Para. 11, Line 6 e.g. an eclipse of the sun/moon 日蚀/月蚀； a total/partial eclipse全蚀/偏蚀； 1. 下一次的月蚀将发生在2008年2月21日，到时美国，欧洲和亚洲的人们都将能看到这一天文现象。 The next total lunar eclipse occurs Feb. 21, 2008, and will be visible from the Americas, Europe and Asia. To Be Continued Back

  44. New Words 9. eclipse Para. 11, Line 6 (2) v. 1) 日蚀，月蚀；遮掩（天体的）光；使暗淡/失色； 1.月球遮住太阳。 The moon eclipses the sun. 2. 月亮被遮住一半。 The moon is partly eclipsed. 3. 这个可怕的消息很快就赶走了我们的快乐。 Our happiness was soon eclipsed by the terrible news. 2) exceed in importance; to do or be much better than, outweigh掩没……的重要性（或地位、声誉等） 1. 这件事掩盖了一条重要的真理。 This eclipses a vital truth. 2. 她妹妹更聪明、漂亮、讨人喜欢，一下子就把她比下去了。 She is quite eclipsed by her sister, who is cleverer, prettier and more amusing. Back

  45. New Words envisage v. to imagine what will happen in the future 想象，设想，展望 10. envisage Para. 11, Line 13 1. 你预计会有什么样的利润水平？ What level of profit do you envisage? 2. 你估计什么时候能够还钱给我? When do you envisage being able to pay me back? 3. 我无法想象她如何应付这个工作。 I can’t envisage her coping with this job. 4. 我们没有设想到局面会变得这么糟。 We had not envisaged that the situation would get so bad. Back

  46. Expressions exert: V. perform, practice (an action or operation) 运用，行使，发挥，施加 11. exert effect on Para. 5, Line 2 • exert control over sb. 对某人加以控制 • 2. exert powerful force against gambling 使用强大的力量反对赌博 • 3. He has been exerting a lot of pressure on me to change my mind. • 他一直在施加种种压力要我改变主意。 Back

  47. Expressions exert effect on 对……施加影响（或作用） 11. exert effect on Para. 5, Line 2 1. The cement works may exert effects on the environment. 水泥厂会对环境有影响。 2. The TV violence has exerted effects on kids. 电视暴力节目对少年儿童产生影响。 3. The HZE (high-energy, ionizing cosmic ray) nuclei in cosmic rays exert effect on atoms or molecules. 宇宙射线中的HZE核子对原子或分子施加电离作用。 Back

  48. Expressions lift off: V. [of a rocket, less frequently an aircraft] to leave the ground and rise into the air （火箭）发射，离地升空 12. lift-off Para. 11, last but the 7th line lift-off or liftoff (also blast-off): N. the start of the flight of a space vehicle or the time for that（航天器的）起飞，发射，离地升空; 离地时刻 1. Liftoff is set for 8:30. 发射时刻定于8时30分。 2. ten minutes to lift-off离发射还有十分钟 3. Lift-off capabilities 发射能力 Back

  49. Key to Exercises 1. Reading Comprehension a. Choose the sentences that best express the meaning of the statement from the text. (1) B (2) A (3) C (4) B (5) A Home

  50. Key to Exercises b. Fill in the blanks with the information you have learned in the text. • (1) the result of population pressures or environmental changes; curiosity • (2) the considerations of national security • (3) bone and muscle physiology and the cardiovascular system • (4) the cuts in funding by NASA; the loss of the Columbia space shuttle in February 2003 • (5) to use unmanned spacecraft to investigate the planets’ surface and land; to provide large funding for the ISS; to construct new lift-off capabilities and faster spacecraft. Home

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