Khilafat Movement

1. Khilafat Movement

2. What is Khilafat • Concept : • In political lexicon Khilafat is the name of Muslim Rule in an Islamic State • Mix of Political and Religious Authority in one figure • It started from 632 the rule of Hazrat Abu Bakar RA and ends with Khallifa Abdul Hameed 2nd of Ottoman empire 1924(Almost 1292 Years)

3. Khilafat • Various Phases of Khilafat • Khilafat-e-Rashida 632 to 662 AD • Khilafat-e-BanuUmmya/Ummayad 662 to750 • Khilafat-e-BanuAbbass/Abbasids 751 to 1258 • Fatimid in Egypts 909 to 1171 • Ottomans /UsmaniTurky 1299 to 1924

5. Back ground

6. History • It had originally migrated from Medina to Damascus and from Damascus to Baghdad. For sometime it was located in Egypt, then it fell to the lot of Turkey • Till MughalEmpire had been in existence, the Muslims of India did not recognize Khilafat • At this critical juncture, when the Muslims of the Sub-continent had no sovereign ruler of their own, they began to see the necessity of recognizing the Sultan of Turkey as their Caliph

7. Cont… • The European powers had played a leading role in reducing the might of Turkey in Europe to Eastern Thrace, Constantinople and the straits in the Balkan Wars (1912-13) • To seek revenge, the Turks decided to side with the Germans against the Allied Forces. The Indian Muslims supported this decision

8. objectives

9. Objectives • To maintain the Turkish Caliphate • To protect the holy places of the Muslims • To maintain the unity of the Ottoman Empire

10. Causes

11. International • Legacy of Khilafat • Spiritual leader of Mughals • Sultan gave fatwa against Tipu and in 1857 in favor of English • Turks tilt toward Germany for defense • 1st WW , Shrif-e-Makkah’s rebellion against Turks trigger by Lawrance of Arabia

12. 1888 to 1935 Thomas Edward Lawrence

13. Cont…. • Attack on Syria by Arab, • Fall of Damascus, • Belfour Declaration • ReshmiRomal Movement • A letter of MulanaObaidUllah Sindhi to MolanaMahmoodUlHassan

14. National • Home Rule League of Ms.AnnieBasent and BG Tilak Sep-3-1916 • Rolat Act 1919 • SityaGirah of Gandhi (Nonviolence Movement) • Swami SherdhaNanad’s lead and offer to shoot bullet at him, Muslim took him to ShahiMasjidDilhi • Ch-Khaleeq u Zaman called it “Foolish Enthusiasm” • 19-4-1919 Hindu Muslim Unity Day and single meal, water by all. • Quaid on Khilafat Movement • JalyianwlaBagh Tragedy

15. The course of struggle • Khilafat Committee and its demands: • To keep the ottoman empire intact • No change in territory of Turkish Khalifat • All Holy Places to be in control of Calipah • Khilafat Delegations to • Governor General India • London

16. MDKC Gandhi and Khilafat Movement • Non Cooperation Movement • Surrendering of Titles • Resignation from Jobs/(ShabasChander Bosh) • Non Payments of Govt dues • Refusing financial aid by Educational Institutes • Failure of Closure of Aligrah and Islamia College Railway Road • SwadeshiMovement

17. Cont…. • Migration Movement and Verdict of Mulana Azad (Around 925 eminent Muslims signed this fatwa) • Rebellion of Moplas (August 1921, agrarian riots broke out in Nilambur. Moplah peasants revolted against the Hindu landlord's oppressive policies) • Civil Disobedience • Incidence of ChuraChori 1922 Gorakpure UP (Around a hundred prisoners, confined in a closed and almost airtight goods van, were transported by rail)

18. End of Movement • 13 Feb 1922 ,Announced by Gandhi where as Hakeem Ajmal Khan was president and Dr.MukhtarAnsari was GS of Congress

19. Khilafat in Turkey • Fall of Khalifa and rise of Mustafa Kamal Ata Turk • The Treaty of Lausanne • Khilafat was seperated from State on 21-Nov-1922 • Symbolic Institution of Khalifa was abolish on 3 March,1924 • Verdict that Elected Assembly can perform the function of Khilafat was endorsed by AllamaIqbal

20. Two Important Treaties

21. The Treaty of Sèvres •  (10 August 1920) was the peace treaty between the Ottoman Empire and Allies at the end of World War I. • The Tripartite Agreement confirmed Britain's oil and commercial concessions and turned the former German enterprises in the Ottoman Empire over to a Tripartite corporation. • April 1920. France, Italy, and Great Britain, however, had secretly begun the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire as early as 1915. • The Treaty of Sèvres was annulled in the course of the Turkish War of Independence and the parties signed and ratified the superseding Treaty of Lausanne in 1923.

23. The Treaty of Lausanne • A peace treaty signed in Lausanne, Switzerland on 24 July 1923, •  Treaty of Sèvres was rejected before it had been ratified, by the Turkish national movement led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, • The Treaty of Lausanne ended the conflict and defined the borders of the modern Turkish state except for details of the border with Iraq • In the treaty, Turkey gave up all claims to the remainder of the Ottoman Empire and in return the other signatories recognized Turkish sovereignty within its new borders • The treaty was ratified by Turkey on 23 August 1923,

24. Turkey after The Treaty of Lausanne

25. Reason of Failure • Surface level unity of Hindu Muslims • Separate motive for movement of Hindu and Muslims • Separate Ideology of Turks and Muslims of Subcontinent • War of Turks fought by Muslims of India • Migration Movement • MoplasTragedy

26. Effects National @ subcontinent At Turkey herself At Ummah

27. National • Ulema in Politics • Establishment of Jamit-e-Ulema Hind by Adbul Bari FarangiMahal • Demand of Home Rule • Demand of Full Independence • Political Consciousness • Revolution in Thoughts • Dream of Hindu Muslim Unity Banged • Student in Politics

28. Cont…. • British Rajj accepted ,the Treaty of Lausanne • British Rajj was shaken • Muslims got the experience of practical politics • Muslim Came to know how to run a movement • Use of Religion in Politics • Strengthening two nation theory • Muslim joined Congress • Congress as National party • Divided Muslim Nationalism • Nationalist Muslims • Muslim Nationalists

29. Cont… • Gandhi became Mahatama/Baapu • Seeds of Separation were sowed • Hindu Mentality was exposed/using Muslim for their purposes • Failure recorded for Muslim Leadership • Failure of Using Religion in Politics • Forces were diverted towards separation • Emergence of Second generation of Muslim Leadership

30. Cont…. • Although holding talks with the British and continuing their activities, the struggle of Khilafat weakened as Muslims were divided between • Working for the Congress • For cause of Khilafat • Muslim League • The final blow came with the victory of Mustafa Kemal's forces, who overthrew the Ottoman rule to establish a pro-Western, secular republic in independent Turkey. • He abolished the Chalipathrole and sought no help from Indians

31. Cont…. • The Khilafat leadership fragmented on different political lines. • Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari created Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam  • Dr. Ansari,Maulana Azad and Hakim Ajmal Khan remained strong supporters of Gandhi and the Congress

32. At Turkey • Emergence of New Modern Turkey • Central Position of Turkey Ended • Turkey became modern and ended Religion in Politics but today Turks are back to Religion

33. At Ummah

34. Exile of Khalifa

35. Cont…. • A central Institution of Khalifatwas abolished • Emergence of New Arab States • Division of Arab and Non Arab widen • KSA took the central role of Religion

36. Epilogue • The Khilafat struggle evokes controversy and strong opinions it is regarded as a political agitation based on a pan-Islamic, fundamentalist platform and being largely indifferent to the cause of Indian Independence • Proponents of the Khilafat see it as the spark that led to the non-cooperation movement in India and a major milestone in improving Hindu-Muslim relations, while advocates of Pakistan and Muslim separatism see it as a major step towards establishing the separate Muslim state

37. Cont…. • The Ali brothers are regarded as founding-fathers of Pakistan, while Azad, Dr. Ansari and Hakim Ajmal Khan are widely celebrated as national heroes in India • Critics of the Khilafat see its Alliance with the Congress as a marriage of convenience.