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Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are energy molecules found in sugars, starches, and cellulose. They serve as building blocks and provide quick energy, energy storage, and structural support. This text explains the synthesis of carbohydrates, the importance of sugars, and the function of big carbohydrates like starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin. It also explores the digestion of starch versus cellulose and the role of helpful bacteria in breaking down cellulose-rich meals.

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Carbohydrates

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  1. Carbohydrates

  2. CH2OH O H H H OH H OH HO H OH Carbohydrates: Energy molecules

  3. sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar Carbohydrates • Building block molecules = sugars sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar

  4. sucrose Carbohydrates • Function: • quick energy • energy storage • structure • Example • sugars • starches • cellulose (cell wall) glucoseC6H12O6 starch

  5. CH2OH O H H H OH H OH HO H OH glucose sucrose fructose C6H12O6 maltose Sugars = building blocks -ose • Names for sugars usually end in • glucose • fructose • sucrose • maltose

  6. Building carbohydrates • Synthesis 2 sugars = disaccharide monosaccharides | glucose | glucose | maltose

  7. Building carbohydrates • Synthesis 2 sugars = disaccharide monosaccharides | sucrose (table sugar) | glucose | fructose

  8. BIG carbohydrates • Starch • energy storage in plants • potatoes • Glycogen • energy storage in animals • in liver & muscles • Cellulose • structure in plants • cell walls • Chitin • structure in arthropods & fungi • exoskeleton

  9. Building BIG carbohydrates polysaccharide glucose + glucose + glucose… = starch (plant) energystorage glycogen (animal)

  10. Too Much Energy Storage!

  11. enzyme enzyme Digesting starch vs. cellulose starcheasy todigest cellulosehard todigest

  12. Cellulose • Cell walls in plants • herbivores can digest cellulose • most carnivores cannot digest cellulose • that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients • cellulose = roughage

  13. Cow can digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars Gorilla can’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet

  14. Helpful bacteria • How can cows digest cellulose? • bacteria live in their stomachs & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals

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