Old Stuff

1. Old Stuff AP World History Review 1450 CE to 1750 CE

2. Overview • By 1450 CE global interaction really got cranking. • The rise of Europe as a major player on the world scene is very important during this time period. • European changes are going to affect life on 3 levels: • The way people view themselves • The way governments view their authority • The way religion intersects with politics and individuality.

3. Revolutions in Thought and Expression in Europe: Renaissance • Humanism • The focus on human endeavors. • The impact is the focus on individuality leads to a reduction of authority of institutions. • The Arts • Medici family and other wealthy merchants became great patrons of the arts. • Humanistic ideals were emphasized as human subjects were drawn, painted & sculpted as realistically as possible. • One point linear perspective was developed • Writers • Gutenberg’s movable type fueled a demand for books. • Machiavelli’s “The Prince” was a how to book for monarchs who wanted to maintain their power. • Shakespeare illustrated the era’s obsession with the politics of the classical world.

4. Protestant Revolution • The Catholic Church was the unifying force of Europe. • When it needed to pay for its large building projects, the Church sold indulgences. • Indulgences confirmed the corrupt nature of the Church to many. • Martin Luther • In 1517, the German monk nailed his 95 these on a church door outlining his frustrations. • Luther was excommunicated but protected by nobles and continued to write his views which spread quickly because of the printing press. • Christianity splits again • John Calvin led a group preaching pre-destination • Henry VIII created the Church of England. • Counter-Reformation • Catholic Church reformed to win back many of those they had lost. • Was as much about reaffirming as it was reforming. • Proved successful in containing the spread of Protestantism.

5. Revolutions in Thought and Expression in Europe cont. • Scientific Revolution • Copernican Revolution • Developed a theory that asserted a heliocentric solar system. • Galileo further proved the heliocentric theory. • Scientific Method • One has to prove, document and demonstrate what the mind concludes. • Bacon, Kepler, Copernicus, Newton, Galileo were “fathers” of this method. • All of this will lead to the industrial revolution. • Age of Enlightenment • A revolution of philosophers and social critics in the 17 & 18th Century. • Divine Right • Idea that monarchs had been ordained by God • The Social Contract • Belief that governments were not formed by divine decree, but to meet the social and economic needs of the governed. • Hobbes wrote that people were by nature were greedy and government was needed to preserve peace at all costs. • Locke wrote that man kind was basically good and had the right to self rule.

6. European Exploration and Expansion • Motivations • Portugal and Spain were looking for quick sea routes to the east • In 1494 the Treaty of Tordesillas divided the New World. • Explorers • Vespucci – explored S. America on many trips around 1500 • De Leon – explored Florida for Spain in 1513 • Balboa – 1513 was the first European to reach the Pacific • Magellan – 1519 circumnavigated the globe. • Drake – 1578 first Englishman to circumnavigate • Hudson – 1609 explored N. America for the Dutch. • Technology • Sternpost rudder • Lateen sails • Astrolabe • Magnetic compass • 3 Masted Caravels

7. European Exploration and Expansion cont. • Ecomienda System • Hierarchical colonial society • Peninsulares>Creoles>Mestizos>Mulattos • African Slave Trade • Some African leaders cooperated • Middle passage was were many were lost. • The Columbian Exchange • New foods, animals and resources transferred between Europe and the Americas. • From Europe/Africa = horses, pigs, goats, chili peppers, sugar cane. • From the Americas = Squash, beans, corn, potatoes and cacao. • The New Economy • Joint stock companies were formed to pool the resources of many merchants to reduce the cost of exploration and colonization. • Mercantilism was where countries tried to maintain a favorable trade balance. • Colonial resentment was a consequence of this practice.

8. Warm Up CJ • In Christopher Columbus’s journals, he suggested to the king and queen of Spain that they focus on converting the peoples of the Americas because “in a short time you will end up having converted to our Holy Faith a multitude of peoples and acquired large dominions and great riches.” How does this brief statement express the European goals for exploration? • SWBAT- review for AP test • HW- study for the AP test

9. Spain • In 1469 King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella consolidated Spanish authority under one house. • Aggressive exploration and the establishment of New World empires ensured long term impact on world developments. • Although Spain amassed enormous sums of gold, it spent it just as quickly on wars, missionary activities and maintenance of its huge fleets.

10. England • Henry VIII who ruled from 1509-1547 nullified the Pope’s authority and established the Church of England. • Elizabethan Age 1558-1603 boasted commercial expansion, exploration and colonization. • After decades of catholic vs. protestant civil war, the bloodless Glorious Revolution and the English Bill of Rights ensured that England’s future monarchs would be Anglican and have their powers limited.

11. France • Louis XIV ruled from 1643-1715 & exemplified the grandiose whims of absolute monarchy. • Called the “Sun King” • Patronized the arts as long as they glorified France and its culture. • “I am the state” • Jean Baptiste Colbert was chosen by Louis to manage the royal funds. • A strict mercantilist • Wanted to expand France’s territories and was almost constantly at war. • The many invasions and wars proved costly and ineffective and weakened France significantly.

12. German Areas & The Ottoman Empire • German Areas • Holy Roman Empire lost parts of Hungary to the Ottoman Turks in the early 1500’s. • The Thirty Years War 1618-1648 devastated the region and weakened the HR emperors. • By the 18th century, Prussia and other early German city-states will gain power. • The Ottoman Empire • In an area disrupted by the Mongols, the Islamic Turks ended the Byzantine Empire in 1453. • Renamed Constantinople as Istanbul • Allowed other faiths to continue to practice their own faiths. • Suleiman I ruled from 1520-1566 and built the empire from Greece to Persia.

13. Russia • When the Turks conquered Constantinople the center of orthodox Christianity moved northward to Moscow. • In 1480 Ivan III refused to pay tribute to the Mongols and declared Russia free of Mongol rule. • Ivan IV “Ivan the Terrible” ruled with such absolute power that he took the title “Czar” • Executed any threat to his power including his own son. • After the death of Ivan IV, and the “Time of Troubles” in 1613 Michael Romanov was elected czar beginning a dynasty that would last until 1917.

14. India, China & Japan • India • Mughal Empire defeated the Delhi Sultanate and dominated the subcontinent from 1536-1850. • British East India dominated the trade in the Indian Ocean. • China • Ming built a strong centralized government and ruled until 1644. • Qing or Manchu dynasty ruled until 1912. • Turned inward and in 1724 Christianity was banned. • Japan • Feudalism began to wane and centralized power emerged which coincided with Japanese exposure to the West. • Trend changed in 1600 when the Tougawa Shogunate as established and ruled until 1868. “Edo Period” • Four rigid social classes were established: • Warrior, farmer, artisan and merchant. • In 1635 the National Seclusion Policy prohibited Japanese from traveling abroad and prohibited most foreigners from visiting Japan.

15. The Chinese Dynasty Song!!!! Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han Sui, Tang, Song Sui, Tang, Song Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic Mao Zedong Mao Zedong

16. Pulling It All Together • Understand all of the connotations of the Age of Exploration: • New lands • Rediscovery of classical thought • Scientific thought • Rights of man and nature of religion. • Europe is where the energy was. • China and Japan were largely looking inward. • In Africa, societies were fragmented so the Europeans were harder to fend off. • In the Americas, civilizations were quickly overwhelmed by European technology and disease.