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ENVR430: Health Effects of Environmental Agents

ENVR430: Health Effects of Environmental Agents. Course director, L.M. Ball lmball@unc.edu , 6-7306 Office Rosenau 158 Where : Hooker Research Center 0003 www.unc.edu/courses/2008fall/envr/430/001/ When : Monday Wednesday Friday, 1 to 1:50 pm Why:. ASPH Competencies.

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ENVR430: Health Effects of Environmental Agents

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  1. ENVR430:Health Effects of Environmental Agents Course director, L.M. Ball lmball@unc.edu, 6-7306 Office Rosenau 158 Where: Hooker Research Center 0003 www.unc.edu/courses/2008fall/envr/430/001/ When: Monday Wednesday Friday, 1 to 1:50 pm Why:

  2. ASPH Competencies I.  Discipline-specific Competencies: Environmental Health Sciences Describe the direct and indirect human, ecological and safety effects of major environmental and occupational agents Describe genetic, physiologic and psychosocial factors that affect susceptibility to adverse health outcomes following exposure to environmental hazards. Describe federal and state regulatory programs, guidelines and authorities that control environmental health issues Specify current environmental risk assessment methods. Specify approaches for assessing, preventing and controlling environmental hazards that pose risks to human health and safety. Explain the general mechanisms of toxicity in eliciting a toxic response to various environmental exposures. Discuss various risk management and risk communication approaches in relation to issues of environmental justice and equity. Develop a testable model of environmental insult.

  3. Environmental Health Environmental Health comprises those aspects of human health, including quality of life, that are determined by interactions with physical, chemical, biological and social factors in the environment. It also refers to the theory and practice of assessing, correcting, controlling and preventing those factors in the environment that may adversely affect the health of present and future generations. Pew Environmental Health Commission

  4. Environmental Agents • Microbial • Chemical • Physical

  5. Textbooks

  6. Textbooks

  7. Review

  8. Heat Cold Trauma Radiation Ionizing radiation (radioactivity) Non-ionizing radiation X-rays UV Infrared Microwave Radio Electromagnetic Physical Hazards

  9. Chemicals “Naturally-Occurring” “Anthropogenic”

  10. Naturally-Occurring Chemicals Microbial toxins Bacterial toxins (Often complex polypeptides) Botulinus toxin (Clostridium botulinum ) Shigatoxin (Shigella dysenteriae) Fungal toxins (mycotoxins) Ergot alkaloids (Claviceps purpurea) Aflatoxins (Aspergillus spps) http://foodsafetyinfo.org/phpbb/viewtopic.php?t=5312

  11. Plant Constituents • Alkaloids • Atropine • Solanine • Pigments • Methane • Terpenes • Urushiol Atropine

  12. Animal Constituents • Alkaloids • Snake venom • Ciguatoxin

  13. Combustion Products • Gases • Hydrocarbons • Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Phenanthrene Benzanthracene Benzo[a]pyrene

  14. Minerals • Dust (e.g. Ca, Al, Si) • Leaching into groundwater • Selenium • Arsenic

  15. Anthropogenic Chemicals • Inadvertent introduction • Deliberate use Service station near Wallace, NC After Hurricane Floyd, Sept 15, 1999

  16. Inadvertent introduction • Industrial by-products • Insulators • Effluents • Wastes • Spills • Improper disposal Apex Fire, Oct 2006

  17. Aromatic hydrocarbons Chlorinated hydrocarbons Industrialsolvents

  18. Drinking water disinfection by-products • Trihalomethanes • Chloroform CHCl3 • Bromodiloromethane CHBrCl2 • Dibromochloromethane CHBr2Cl • Bromoform CHBr3 • Haloacetic acids • Trichloroacetic acid CCl3-COOH • Dichloroacetic acid CHCl2-COOH • Dichlorobromoacetic acid CCl2Br-COOH • Dibromoacetic acid CHBr2-COOH • Dibromochloroacetic acid CBr2Cl-COOH • Tribromoacetic acid CBr3-COOH

  19. Combustion products • Gases: CO, CO2, O3, peroxyacyl nitrates, nitrogen oxides (NOX: N2O, NO, NO2), sulfur oxides (SOX: SO2, SO3) • Particulate matter (PM) • Hydrocarbons • Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

  20. Deliberate use • Pesticides • Fertilizers • Food additives • Plasticizers • Pharmaceuticals • Waste disposal

  21. Insecticides • Chlorinated hydrocarbons • Organophosphates • Carbamates

  22. Herbicides • Broad-spectrum • Broad-leaf • Grassy-leaf

  23. Fertilizers • Nitrates • Phosphates

  24. Food additives • Anti-oxidants • Anti-microbials • Sweeteners • Other flavoring agents • Coloring agents • Humectants • Anti-caking agents

  25. Plasticizers Bisphenol A

  26. Red blood cell NANOPARTICLE <100 nm PROTOZOAN 5 μm VIRUS 0.1 μm (100 nm) BACTERIUM 1 x 2 μm

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