PATTERNS OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION TO BRITAIN

1. PATTERNS OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION TO BRITAIN Some information from Professor Roger Penn University of Bologna 2009

2. Emigration from UK • 19th Century: Large outflow from the UK to the ‘White’ Dominions and USA • This accelerated after 1873 and the onset of the Agricultural Depression

3. Emigration and Immigration: Britain 1971-1995 (000s)*

4. Emigration from the British Isles reached a record high in 2008. The bar chart represents the net increase in the population with the difference between immigration and emigration. This rise was as a result of a 50 per cent increase in non-British citizens emigrating from 169,000 in 2007 to 255,000 in 2008. Just over half of the 86,000 increase were citizens of the A8 Accession countries which joined the EU in 2004. the increase in emigration of non-British citizens was most notable in the 25 to 44 age group, consistent with higher numbers of people emigrating for work related reasons. The International Passenger Survey shows an increase in the number of non-British citizens leaving the UK to take up a definite job – up from 45,000 in 2007 to 62,000 in 2008.IPS estimates also show that Poland was the most popular country of next residence for non-British emigrants in 2008, with 50,000 people migrating there.

5. Nineteenth Century Immigration to Britain • Nineteenth Century: Inflow from Ireland to Rest of UK • This was sparked particularly by the Irish Famine of 1845-6 [1-2million dead] • 1851 Census of Population: most people living in England, Scotland and Wales were born in these countries • Liverpool and Glasgow* both had very high concentratrions of Irish immmigrants [almost 50% in 1851]

6. Immigration in the Period 1914-1945 • Immigration controls introduced in 1905: Aliens Act • This was a response to Jewish immigration to Britain from Eastern Europe & the Russian Empire • Immigration procedures and passports introduced to control the movement of people [cf Foucault’s notion of ‘surveillance’]

7. Post-War Immigration to Britain • 1945-1968: Large inflows from former Empire: Indian subcontinent, West Indies, Hong Kong, Africa • 1948 British Nationality Act gave all citizens of the Commonwealth and Empire British citizenship: most immigrants were full citizens upon arrival • 1971: 90% of the UK population had been born to parents who were both also born in the UK

8. Growth of Ethnic Minorities • Ethnic minority families tend to be significantly larger than others in Western Europe • However,they also tend to be significantly smaller than families in countries of parental origin*

9. Birthplace of Household Heads and Family Size of Ethnic Minorities in UK

10. Main Countries of Origin of Immigrants to Britain (000s)

11. % of Ethnic Groups Born in the UK*

12. The Constitution of Ethnic Minorities • International immigrants concentrated in specific spatial areas: 50% in London • ⅛ of the adult population of London currently born overseas • By 1991 an increasing proportion of ethnic minority people had been born in the UK • 32% Of people living in London were born outside the UK– so immigrant populations are concentrated in the metropolis. HOWEVER........KEY FACTS TO USE IN EVALUATION AGAINST MORAL PANICS ABOUT ETHNIC MINORITIES AND IMMIGRATION AND AGAINST THE CONCEPT OF MULTI-CULTURALISM.......... • NOTE THAT ONLY 8.3% OF THE TOTAL POULATION IN BRITAIN WERE BORN OUTSIDE THE U.K. (2001) • ONLY 7.9% OF THE TOTAL POPULATION IN THE UK ARE NOT WHITE