MWH UHS MR. Moran

1. Reformation MWHUHSMR. Moran

2. Identify-What was the Reformation? • The Reformation was • a movement for religious reform (a change in religious beliefs) • It split the Catholic Church and created different Christian religions • The Reformation • Began in the early 1500 • Was started by Martin Luther • Posted his 95 Thesis (1517)

3. Causes

4. Dissatisfaction w/ the Catholic Church

5. Humanist and Renaissance

6. Was born in 1483 Son to town magistrate Luther was very intelligent and was studying to be a lawyer. On July 2,1505, he was caught in a big thunderstorm an made a pledge to become a monk. Luther tried to achieve religious satisfaction by following the grueling monastic life. Fasting, prayer, and good works Luther did not find religious satisfaction as a monk His mentor, Johann von Staupitz, was worried about him so he guided him to studies and administration work. By 1512, Luther was a Doctor of Theology and had been a professor at theUniversity of Wittenberg since 1508. Through his studies and evaluations of the Bible (in different languages), he developed an idea that was not totally new. The Reformation Begins with Martin Luther

7. The church taught “good works” (any acts that would help you receive salvation). Buying “indulgences” (release of punishment; pardon) was considered good works and economic franchise for the Church The Pope controlled the “treasury of merit” and issued special indulgences to Germany. After studying St. Paul and St. Augustine’s writings, he established the idea of “justification by faith” an idea previously discussed but no longer focused on It was after this epiphany that Luther found “Grace” and satisfaction. Luther’s Doctrine 3 major points People could win salvation only by faith in God’s gift of forgiveness. “faith alone” All Church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the Bible. All people with faith were equal. Therefore, people did not need priests to interpret the Bible for them. Faith vs. Good Works

8. Johann Tetzel (d. 1519) was a very successful “indulgence” seller. Worked for Archbishop Albrecht of Maiz, who reported to the Pope. Money was to build St. Peter’s Basilica But the Archbishop was taking from the top to pay for his offices he bought. To protest the selling of “indulgences” by Tetzel, Luther wrote and posted his “95 These” (October 31,1517) The “95 These” was to be a conversational and thought provoking essay No intentions of rebilling or promoting separation from the church. 95 Theses

9. The Church Responds to Luther • Pope call on Holy Roman Emperor to capture Luther • Luther is protected by Prince Frederick of Saxony • Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V (r. 1519-58), called a “Diet of Worms” which issued the “Edict of Worms 1521. • Luther goes into hiding and translates the Bible to German and gains support. • Lutheranism is born and practiced through out Germany • Immediate results • Peers and people agreed with Luther • People distributed the “95 Theses” • People stopped buying indulgences • Church • Accused Luther of heresy • Asked to recant; Luther did not • Church excommunicates Luther (Exsurge Domine)- Papal Bull 1521 by Pope Leo X (r.1513-1521)

10. Result-Lutherans • After a year, Luther discovered that his teachings were being applied. • Priests called themselves ministers and wore ordinary clothes • They led service in German and not Latin. • Ministers married because Luther taught the clergy should be free to marry. • Luther was excommunicated and he began a new church-Lutherans

11. Peasants War 1524-1525 • Causes • Economic factors • Oppression by nobles • Saw Luther as a social reformer • Peasant Revolt-People demanded end to serfdom • Attacked monasteries • Burned towns and churches • Stole and destroyed everything • Luther was not happy so he urged the princes to show no mercy. • They crushed the revolt by killing 100,000 people • Nobility scared so the counter with more force than necessary

12. Results- War • Protestants- German Princes who supported Luther’s teachings and ideas. • Northern Princes agreed with Luther and separated from the Catholic Church. • Southern Princes remained loyal to the Catholic Church. The Southern Princes were lead by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. • Charles V and his princes won but were never able to convince to people to return to the Catholic Church. • 1555 The Princes signed the Peace of Augsburg agreeing that the religion of each German state will be decided by their ruler.

13. Swiss Reformation • After Lutheranism, preachers and priests in Switzerland separated from the Catholic Church • Huldreich Zwingli (c. 1484-1531), like Luther, preached “Salvation by faith alone” but wanted to separated from the Catholic Church denouncing many practices • In 1525, Zwingli created a theocracy or church-run state in Zurich, Switzerland. • In 1531, war between Protestant missionaries in Catholic areas broke out. Zwingli’s forces (his followers) were defeated. (1,500 to 8,500) • However, The Catholic Church was unable to undo Zwingli’s changes to the area.

14. Calvinism • Born a French Catholic, John Calvin (1509- established the most powerful and influential Reformed group in Geneva Switzerland. • He studied theology, law, and humanism • After studying the Bible thoroughly, he formulated his own Protestant theology (Predestination) • In 1536, he published The Institutes of the Christian Religion which spoke of his theory. • Calvin taught- • God possessed all-encompassing power and knowledge. • God directed everything. • Predestination-God determines the fate of every person. • Geneva became the “city of God” and helped spread Calvinism as visitors spread the word. • John Knox, a Calvinist leader, used the ideas to promote the overthrow of tyrannical rulers

15. Radical Reformers • Many new Protestant sects called Anabaptists developed in W. Europe • They initiated the practice of baptizing (admitting) people into their group. • Only adults could be baptized. • Anabaptists denied authority of local governments. • They did not wear oaths, bear arms, or held offices. • They lived separated from others who they thought were “sinful”. • For this they were persecuted or killed for their beliefs. • Lutherans and Catholics united against Anabaptist which forced them to North America during the 1600s

16. England Becomes Protestant-1500’s • Henry VIII(1491-1547)was King of England and wanted a son. He was trying to avoid a civil war but his wife Catherine of Aragon only gave birth to a girl- Mary I. • Once Catherine of Aragon turned 42, Henry VIII was convinced no son would be born. • He wanted a divorce and to marry a younger queen. • Henry asked for an annulment or set aside his marriage. • Pope denied because Catherine’s nephew was Charles V

17. Reformation of Parliament • Henry VIII called parliament and passed laws that ended the Pope’s power in England • Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy making the King, not the Pope, the head of England’s Church • 1533 Henry married Ann Boleyn. Parliament legalized the divorce.

18. Results- The Church of England • The Church of England is the official religion of England. • The Catholic churches and monasteries are taken by the King, this made him richer. • NO SONS; Henry VIII marries 4 more times, a total of 6 wives. Only son, Edward, died from complications. • Henry’s first daughter, Mary I (“Bloody Mary” 1553) takes over and tries to put back the Catholic Church. She burns hundreds of Protestants. • This pushed the people closer to Protestantism. • In 1558,Queen Elizabeth I, daughter of Henry from Ann Boylen, restored the Protestant Church- Anglican Church in 1560.

19. Catholic Reformation/Counter Reformation Redefining Catholicism

20. Causes • Rise in popularity of the Protestant Religions • Catholic power was threatened • Catholics wanted to change Catholic practices

21. Reformation in the Church • Pope Paul III • Asked for investigation of the Church • Promoted the Inquisition • Called for the Council of Trent (1545-1563) • Pope Paul IV • Pushes the ideas of the Council of Trent • Creates the “Index of Forbidden Books”

22. Council of Trent 1545-1563 • The church’s interpretation of the Bible was final. • All others were heretics. • Christians need faith and good works for salvation. • The Bible and Church were traditional authorities of equal power for guidance in Christian life. • Indulgence were valid expressions of faith, but selling of indulgences was banned

23. Inquisition • 1542 the Catholic Church began the Inquisitions. • Designed to find, try, and judge heretics- especially Protestants and bring them back to the Church. • It soon turned ugly. • Results- • Cleared Italy of non-Christians • Re-established the Popes authority on Catholics • Killed and tortured many people. • Started censorship of published free thinkers.

24. Ignatius of Loyola and Jesuits • Ignatius of Loyola founded the Jesuits or the “Society of Jesus” and wrote Spiritual Exercises. • A day to day practice of prayer, meditation, and study. • Loyola and the Jesuits 3 main goals were • founded school to teach theology (seminaries) • convert non-Christians • stop the spread of Protestantism

25. Reformation Comparison Chart Catholic Lutheran Calvinist Minister Pope/Priest Minister/Pastor Martin Luther John Calvin Jesus Read the Bible and believe in God. Go to Church. Do good deeds Read the Bible and have faith God has predetermined past, present and future People want religious freedom and simple religion Religion promoted less crime and a moral society The Pope has the authority over people Europe Central and Northern Europe Central and Northern Europe