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The Cell: Exploring Cell Theory and Organelles

Discover the fascinating world of cells and learn about cell theory, different cell types, and the important organelles within eukaryotic cells. Explore the functions of the nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, lysosomes, and more.

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The Cell: Exploring Cell Theory and Organelles

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  1. THE CELL • Why are cells awesome? • http://multimedia.mcb.harvard.edu/ • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJyUtbn0O5Y

  2. Cell Theory • All organisms are made up of one or more cells. • The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization of organisms. • All cells come from pre-existing cells. Interesting Fact: The avg. human body is made up of about 10 trillion cells 100 trillion cells (10,000,000,000,000 100,000,000,000,000)!

  3. Cell Theory Exit Question • Without looking in your notes, describe cell theory.

  4. There are two basic cell types: Prokaryote

  5. and Eukaryote

  6. Compare the pictures!

  7. How are they different? Question: Which is more complex? Add your answer to the table.

  8. EQ: Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Make a Venn Diagram to compare and contrast Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

  9. Types of Eukaryotic Cells Animal Cells Plant Cells

  10. Animal Cells vs. Plant Cells Animal Cells NO cell wall NO chloroplasts NO Large Central Vacuole Has centrioles Has Lysosomes Plant Cells Cell Wall Chloroplasts Large Central Vacuole No Centrioles NO Lysosomes

  11. Assignment: Draw a simple labeled diagram of an animal cell and of a plant cell. Write “difference” next to each difference and “same” next to each similarity.

  12. Organelles and Structures in Eukaryotes

  13. Section 7.1 Summary – pages 171-174 The membrane-bound structures within eukaryotic cells are called organelles. Each organelle has a very specific function that contributes to the survival of the cell. An Analogy! Just like YOU have organs that do specific jobs (a heart to pump blood, a stomach to digest proteins, etc), cells have organelles (“little organs”) that do specific jobs. Huh?!

  14. Quick Discussion Explain what an organelle is and why organelles are important to cells!

  15. Important Organelles and Structures in Eukaryotes

  16. The Nucleus The control center of the cell Protects and stores DNA

  17. In the nucleus Nucleic acids are made from nucleotides through the process of _________ _______. DNA is kept inside the nucleus where it is safe DNA is useful as a pattern for making proteins. How? (see below…) DNA is used to make RNA RNA then travels outsidethe nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

  18. Answer these questions 1. Why do you think a cell keeps DNA in the nucleus but RNA is “allowed” to leave the nucleus? (2 points) • When two nucleotides are bonded together, what molecule is released? (1 point) 3. What molecule does DNA make and what is its purpose? (2 points)

  19. Ribosomes! • Protein Factories of the cell! • Ribosomes synthesize (make) proteins! (using the instructions on RNA) • Ribosomes assemble amino acids into proteins through the process of_____ _______. • Types • Free • Bound www.scripps.edu/chem/wong/rna.html

  20. The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum and the Golgi Apparatus

  21. The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum and the Golgi Apparatus The “rough” ER is covered with ribosomes. Vesicles bud from the ER and carry the proteins to the Golgi Apparatus Proteins are modified, and packaged into vesicles in the Golgi.

  22. Now, The proteins can be transported anywhere inside or outside the cell. Note: proteins from the Golgi are usually secreted…

  23. Animations: Follow along in your notes! • http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/vesiclebudding.html

  24. Comprehension Question What organelles are involved in making and “processing” proteins? • Summarize the functions of each organelle and give an analogy (to help you remember) for each one. • (15 points)

  25. Exit Question (insulin secretion) • Insulin is a protein hormone. Explain how insulin is made and secreted into the blood. (5 points)

  26. The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

  27. The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum It has NO ribosomes It makes and storeslipids Also, helps detoxify poisons (there is a lot of smooth ER in the liver, for instance)

  28. Answer these questions • How is the rough ER different from the smooth ER? (2 points) • How will the stored lipid molecules be used by the cell? (3 points)

  29. The Chloroplast Only found in plant cells!

  30. Inside the chloroplast Glucose, the main carbohydrate, is made from CO2 and H2O. (What elements?) What is this process called?

  31. The mitochondria Found in all eukaryote cells

  32. Function of mitochondria Glucose is broken down and used to make ATP (cell ENERGY) What is this process called? Answer: Cellular Respiration

  33. Answer these questions • How does the chloroplast work in plant cells? (2 points) • What is the purpose of mitochondria in plant and animal cells? (2 points) • How do your cells use glucose? (2 points) • Where do animal cells get glucose? (1 point)

  34. Lysosomes • Full of enzymes to: • Digest food particles • Destroy invaders (viruses etc.) • Clean up cell wastes

  35. Other cell structures… • See next slide…

  36. The cytoskeleton is made up of microtubules and microfilaments Gives shape and internal organization to the cell Picture taken by Mr. Baughman Blue =cell nucleus Red = Actin microfilaments

  37. The Cell Wall Only in plant cells! Provides extra support

  38. Answer these questions • What is the purpose of lysosomes and how do they do their job? (2 points) • What cell parts provide structure to the cell? (2 points) • In what ways are plant cells different from animal cells? (3 points) • Why do plant cells need a cell wall? (2 points)

  39. The Plasma Membrane Surrounds all cells! Functions: Separates the cytoplasm from the external environment. Regulates what enters and leaves the cell.

  40. In your Assignments…(5 points) • Compare AND Contrast animal cells and plant cells using a table or Venn Diagram • See below for the important points (check yourself):

  41. Good Overview Animation of Cell Structure https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URUJD5NEXC8 Good overview of organelles (about 7 min) • C:\Documents and Settings\BBAUGHMAN\Desktop\Cool Videos\Genetics – “Biology the life of Science” Good overview of cell organelles etc. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cj8dDTHGJBYcrash course

  42. The Plasma Membrane

  43. What does the plasma membrane do? It controls what enters and leaves the cell

  44. It is semi-permeable (or selectively permeable) This means not everything gets through (it selects what gets through.)

  45. What makes up a plasma membrane? • Phospholipids • Proteins • Carbohydrates • Cholesterol • http://www.susanahalpine.com/anim/Life/memb.htm • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qqsf_UJcfBc

  46. Phospholipids Two lipid “tails” with a phosphate “head” The “tails” are nonpolar and hydrophobic (they hate water) The “head” is polar and hydrophilic (it loves water)

  47. The phospholipids are arranged in a bilayer

  48. The two layers of phospholipids form a sandwich

  49. The lipid “tails” are inside the sandwichand the phosphate “heads” are outside

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