Range of charged particles (E. Segrè, Nuclei and particles)

1. Range of charged particles (E. Segrè, Nuclei and particles)

2. Alpha-particles in air (discovery of the proton) (E. Segrè, Die großen Physiker...)

4. Bragg curves (E. Segrè, Nuclei and particles)

5. Range of charged particles (aus: C. Grupen, Teilchendetektoren) Muons in rock:Electrons in various materials:

6. Energy loss of charged particles due to ionisation Bethe – Bloch formula:

7. Energy loss of various charged particles in air (C. Grupen, Teilchendetektoren)

8. Energy loss of minimum ionising particles

9. Contributions to the energy loss of muons in iron (C. Grupen, Teilchendetektoren)

10. Multiple scattering of electrons (W.R. Leo, Techniques...) Beam broadening: Backscattering:

11. Books on particle detection: G. Knoll: Radiation detection (Addison Wesley) W.R. Leo: Techniques for nuclear and particle physics experiments, a how-to approach (Springer) C. Grupen: Teilchendetektoren (B.I. Wissenschaftsverlag)

12. Cherenkov - Effect

13. Cherenkov-radiators

14. RICH1Ring Imaging Cherenkov • 80 m3 (3 m C4F10) • 116 VUV mirrors (3.3 m focal length) • 5.3 m2 VUV detectors • MWPC CsI photon-sensitive cathodes • 8x8 mm2 pads • 84k channels of analog read-out

15. RICH-1 an event from on-line display Photon detectors (PD) : MWPCs with CsI photocathodes (5.3 m2), 84,000 analog read-out ch.s VUV mirror wall, 21 m2, 116 mirrors

16. 2 hadrons one or two Kaons identified in RICH both Kaons identified in RICH Kaon identification efficiency from N-decay ~35% Hadron reconstruction without and with RICH Decay: N K+ K-

17. 4. Particle interaction with condensed matter, particle detection 4.1 Charged particles 4.1.1 Basic terms 4.1.2 Bethe-Bloch formula 4.1.3 Cherenkov effect 4.2 Photons 4.3 Neutrons 4.4 Some practical devices

18. Photons in lead(C. Grupen, Teilchendetektoren)

19. Neutrons

20. Ionisation chamber (Grupen, Teilchendetektoren) 1 electron – ion pair per w  30eV

21. Yield of ions in a gas detector (Leo, Techniques...)

22. Multiwire chamber (Charpak)  position sensitivity (Grupen, Teilchendetektoren)

23. Gas Electron Multiplier foils (Sauli 1995) 50 mm (two dimensional) 2 dimensional read-out

24. Organic Scintillator (Leo, Techniques...) < 10 ps ns Very rapid fluorescence signal (a few ns)  timing Production of light requires 100 eV per photon (NaI: 25 eV)

25. Scintillator – light guide – photomultiplier (Leo, Techniques...)

26. Measurement of time-of-flight (Grupen, Teilchendetektoren) e.g. also as a veto detector

27. Photomultiplier tube (Grupen, Teilchendetektoren) Quantum efficiency of the photocathode: 10 – 30 % Amplification: up to 107

28. Multichannel plate (Application: light amplifiers) (Leo, Techniques...) Channel width: 10 – 100 m Amplification: 103 – 104 per plate

29. Energy resolution NaI-Scintillator – Germanium (Leo, Techniques...) NaI: 8% (25 eV per photon) Ge: 0.15% (3 eV per photon)

30. Bubble chamber (Glaser 1952) - liquid at 5 – 20 atmospheres - bubbles form along the path of ionisation at relaxation – take photo - magnetic field for deviation of charged particles

31. Hadronic Cascade (Grupen, Teilchendetektoren)