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CHAPTER OVERVIEW

CHAPTER OVERVIEW. What Research Is and Isn’t A Model of Scientific Inquiry Different Types of Research What Method to Use When Applied and Basic Research. WHAT IS RESEARCH ALL ABOUT, ANYWAY?. Increasing our understanding of how and why we behave the way we do!!. A THEORY.

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CHAPTER OVERVIEW

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  1. CHAPTER OVERVIEW • What Research Is and Isn’t • A Model of Scientific Inquiry • Different Types of Research • What Method to Use When • Applied and Basic Research

  2. WHAT IS RESEARCH ALL ABOUT, ANYWAY? Increasing our understanding of how and why we behave the way we do!!

  3. A THEORY • Organizes information • Helps explain past events • Predicts new events

  4. Past research guides new research Research is NOT copying the work of others RESEARCH IS BASED ON THE WORK OF OTHERS

  5. Repeatability is a sign of credible science Replication guides future research RESEARCH CAN BE REPLICATED

  6. RESEARCH IS GENERALIZABLE • Research should apply to situations outside of the study setting

  7. It is based on some logical rationale It is tied to theory RESEARCH IS NOT DONE IN INTELLECTUAL ISOLATION

  8. RESEARCH IS “DOABLE” • Good research questions can be translated into projects that can be done!

  9. Research generates new questions Research is incremental RESEARCH IS ONGOING

  10. RESEARCH IS APOLITICAL • Research should have the betterment of society as its ultimate goal

  11. SCIENTIFIC METHOD • A shared philosophical approach to understanding the world • A standard sequence of steps in formulating and answering questions

  12. The steps in the research process

  13. QUESTIONS • Asking a question • Identifying a need

  14. IDENTIFYING IMPORTANT FACTORS • Not fully investigated • Advance understanding • Can be investigated • Are interesting • Lead to more questions

  15. FORMULATING A HYPOTHESIS • “If…then” statements • Objective extension of the original question • In a testable form

  16. COLLECTING RELEVANT INFORMATION • Hypotheses posit a relationship between different factors • Data are collected that will confirm or refute the hypothesis • Hypotheses are testable (not provable)

  17. TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS • Inferential statistics • Separate effects of factors from effects of chance • Assign a probability level to obtained data

  18. WORKING WITH THE HYPOTHESIS • If the hypothesis is confirmed • Plan new research • If the hypothesis is refuted • Try to understand what other factors might be important

  19. RECONSIDERING THE THEORY • Theories can be modified • Leading to new questions

  20. DIFFERENT TYPES OF RESEARCH • Nature of question asked • Method used to answer question • Degree of precision of method

  21. NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH • Describe relationships between variables • Cannot test cause-and-effect relationships

  22. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH • Describes characteristics of existing phenomena • Provides a broad picture • Serves as basis for other types of research

  23. HISTORICAL RESEARCH • Describes past events in the context of other past or current events • Primary and secondary sources of data

  24. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH • Asks what several events have in common • Asks whether knowing one event can allow prediction of another event • Does not imply causation

  25. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH • Examines behavior in natural social, cultural, and political contexts • Usually results in non-quantitative data

  26. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH • Tries to discover causal relationships • Two types • True experimental research • Quasi-experimental research

  27. TRUE EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH • Participants assigned to groups • Treatment variable is controlled by researcher • Control of potential causes of behavior

  28. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH • Participants are preassigned to groups • Useful when researcher cannot manipulate variables

  29. Are you studying events that occurred in the past? Time to reconsider the question True experimental Quasi- experimental WHAT METHOD TO USE WHEN? Differences between groups? Yes No Are you studying events that primarily occur in the present? Are you studying the relationship between variables (but not the effects of one on the other)? Are the participants preassigned to groups? No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Historical research Descriptive research Correlational Experimental Research Non-experimental Research

  30. APPLIED VS. BASIC RESEARCH • Basic research has no immediate application • Applied research has immediate applications

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