American Industry

1. American Industry Mrs. QuimbyQuincy High School Juniors

2. Hayes Leaves the White House -> Hayes served only one term as President - he did not want to run for a second term. • When Hayes left office, he spent the rest of his life working for Civil Rights and education reform. • Instead, the Republican Party was split between Ulysses S. Grant (who wanted another shot at the Presidency) and James Garfield. -> Garfield would win first the Republican nomination, then the Presidency - defeating Democrat Winfield Hancock.

3. Garfield - Early Life • He went to school at Hiram College in Ohio, then Williams College, and spent time as both a preacher and a teacher. • Garfield married Lucretia Randolph - the two had seven children. -> Before his election to the Presidency, Garfield campaigned against slavery, and against Southern secession. - Garfield served in the Union Army during the Civil War. -> He supported the Radical Republican’s plan for Reconstruction, and the Freedmen’s Bureau. -> He became President in 1881.

4. Garfield - Presidency • As soon as Garfield became President, people flocked to the White House. • The White House did not have the same security it has today. Anyone could come and meet with the President. -> Many people came, hoping for political positions, or to ask favors from the President. -> Usually, when a new President took office, these positions turned over - many people expected Garfield to give them jobs. -> Garfield described this rush for jobs as, “a barrage of fear and greed.”

5. Garfield - Presidency -> Garfield focused on Civil Service Reform. -> He wanted to make sure that people who were in powerful positions were good for those jobs. • Many people expected positions because they had friends in high places - not because they were qualified. -> One of these men looking for a job was Charles Guiteau.

6. Garfield - Presidency • Charles Guiteau was a preacher, and a writer who thought he deserved a political position. -> Guiteau was deluded into thinking that a brief meeting with Garfield meant that Garfield owed him a position. -> When he was not offered a political office, Guiteau stalked the President. • At first, it seemed Guiteau did not have the nerve. • His first attempt was at a train station, but he saw Garfield’s sick wife and stopped. -> Guiteau’s next attempt was successful - he shot Garfield twice - once in the arm and once in the back.

7. Garfield - Death -> Garfield would not die immediately. He spent 80 days bedridden. • Because of his injury, Alexander Graham Bell developed a metal detector, in hopes of finding the bullet. • An early air conditioner was also created to help Garfield. • It seemed at some points that he would recover, however this was not the case. -> Ultimately, Garfield would develop blood poisoning, and pneumonia. He would die of a brain aneurism. -> Chester A. Arthur became President.

8. Guiteau -> Guiteau was put on trial for the murder of the President. • This was one of the first cases in which the insanity defense was used. • Guiteau’s trial became a huge spectacle. • Guiteau constantly insulted his defense team, and formatted his testimony as epic poems, which he recited for the jury. • He would pass notes to random audience members asking for legal advice, and claimed that Garfield’s murder was “God’s Will”. He sung songs in court. • While awaiting sentencing, he dictated his autobiography - ending it with a personal ad for a “nice Christian lady.” -> Guiteau claimed to have been insane at the time of the shooting, but no longer so. He also planned to run for President himself after the trial. -> Guiteau was found guilty, and hanged.

9. Guiteau - Response • Answer the following questions for homework: • Why did Guiteau kill Garfield? • What was so unique about his trial? • Do you think he should have been given the death penalty? Why or why not? (1 paragraph)

10. Before the Civil War, cities were small, with relatively small populations. However, with the Industrial Revolution, this changed. ->New York went from 800,000 inhabitants in 1860 grew to 3.5 million by 1900. Many of these new people were immigrants to the country. ->Most of these immigrants lacked the money to move away from the city and afford larger homes. Instead, they stayed in the cities. -> At the same time, many rural Americans began moving to the cities. Cities offered more jobs, that paid better. Urbanization

11. Although living in a city was often cheaper, and more convenient, it also posed problems. -> Crime, violence, disease, pollution, and even fire became issues that were complicated by a large population in a small area. Minor criminals such as pickpockets thrived in crowded conditions. Major crimes multiplied as well – from 1880 to 1900 the murder rate jumped sharply. -> Native-born Americans often blamed immigrants for the increase in crime and violence. Urban Problems Why would immigrants be blamed for these problems?

12. Alcohol contributed to violent crime as well. -> Saloons and bars were accused of “breeding poverty” and “corruption of the child”. Saloons were accused of corrupting politics, bringing suffering to families affected by alcoholism, and also selling beer/liquor to minors. -> Disease and pollution were even bigger problems -> Improper sewage disposal contaminated drinking water – leading to cholera and typhoid Horse waste and trash in the streets, as well as air pollution (soot/ash etc.) also caused issues – creating sanitation and breathing problems. Urban Problems

13. Much of cities’ populations were made of immigrants. These people had come to America for a better life, better jobs, or better pay. Usually, they did not have enough money to move out of the city. This led to overcrowding of buildings, and illegal tenement housing. -> Immigrants were also shunned by nativists -> Nativists blamed immigrants for stealing jobs, committing crimes, and otherwise corrupting American society. Immigration and Overcrowding

14. In order to address these unique urban problems - crime, disease, fires, etc - a new political system developed in cities. -> This system provided essential city services in return for political power. -> This leads to two phenomena: The Political Machine and the Party Boss. Urban Politics

15. -> The political machine was an informal political group. -> The political machine was designed to gain and keep power. -> It came about because cities had grown much faster than their governments could handle. New arrivals in the cities needed jobs, housing, food, heat, and police protection. -> In exchange for the promise of votes, political machines and the party bosses who ran them were happy to provide these necessities. Urban Politics

16. George Plunkett, an Irish immigrant who rose to be one of NYC’s most powerful party bosses, explained how the system worked when a fire burned down a neighborhood: “I just get [housing] for them, buy clothes for them…and fix them up till they get things runnin’ again. It’s philanthropy, but it’s politics too - mighty good politics. Who can tell how many votes one of these fires bring me? The poor are the most grateful people in the world, and, let me tell you, they have more friends in their neighborhoods than the rich have in theirs…” Urban Politics In your notebooks: Describe why people would vote for Plunkett in this situation. How is this similar/different to politics today?

17. As Plunkett said in the previous quote, the pay off for party bosses came on Election Day. -> Urban immigrant groups (which had huge numbers) voted in overwhelming numbers for the political machines. These people had helped them. They had proven that they would take care of the immigrants in these urban areas. -> By providing support (financially, especially), to these immigrant groups, the party bosses and their political machines could essentially buy elections. Urban Politics

18. The party bosses who ran political machines also controlled the city’s finances. -> Many machine politicians grew rich as the result of fraud or graft. -> Graft is getting money through dishonest or questionable means. There was also the ‘honest graft’. For example, a politician might find out in advance where a park was being built, and buy up all the land near the site, then would be able to sell the land to the city for a profit. -> Outright fraud was when party bosses accepted bribes, especially from contractors who wanted to build in the area. These bosses could also sell permits to build to friends, family etc so that money and power stayed close. Urban Politics

19. -> Tammany Hall was the New York Democratic political machine. It became the most famous political machine in the United States. -> William “Boss” Tweed was Tammany Halls leader during the 1860s-70s. -> Other cities’ machines controlled all the city services - including the police department. -> Most Bosses never feared arrest, because the police were controlled by the political machine. Despite the corruption of the system, political machines did provide necessary services, and helped immigrants adapt to life in a new city. Tammany Hall

20. The United States Industry The Industrial Revolution had spread to the United States in the early 1800s. Where did the Industrial Revolution begin? However, until after the Civil War, the United States was mostly a farming country until the 1900s. ->After the Civil War, industry rapidly expanded. Millions of Americans left their farms to work in mines and factories. -> By the early 1900s, Americans had transformed the United States into the world’s leading industrial nation.

21. The United States Industry -> By 1914, the nation’s gross national product (GNP) was eight times greater than it had been when the Civil War ended. The GNP is the total value of all goods and services produced by the country. This was in great part due to two factors: Natural resources Large workforce Why would these two factors lead to a boom in industry?

22. Natural Resources An abundance of raw materials was one reason for the nation’s industrial success. -> The U.S. contained many natural resources that industry needed in order to develop. -> This included water, timber (wood), coal, iron and copper This mean that American companies could get these resources for cheap. -> Most of these resources were found in the mountains of the American West -> Americans settling West after the Civil War, and the use of trains meant that people could ship these resources East to factories.

23. Natural Resources At the same time, while some natural resources were being found in the West, a new resource was being exploited. -> Petroleum was in high demand: -> It could be turned into kerosene, which could be used for fuel in lanterns and stoves. With the invention of the automobile, petroleum had a new use - gasoline for the cars. -> The American oil industry was built on the demand for kerosene. In 1859, Edwin Drake drilled the first oil well in Pennsylvania. -> By 1900, oil fields from Pennsylvania to Texas had been opened.

24. A Large Workforce -> Between 1860 and 1910, the population of the United States tripled. This population provided industry with a large workforce. It also created a huge demand for the goods the factories produced. -> Population growth came from two sources: -> Larger families and lower child death rate -> Influx of immigrants -> This population boom helped factories increase their production while also creating greater demand.

25. Free Enterprise An important factor that helped the U.S. to quickly industrialize was the free enterprise system. -> This was also called laissez-faire (lah-say-fair) from a French phrase which means “let do”. -> It means, “let people do as they choose.” What do you think this means when it comes to government? Write a sentence or two.

26. Free Enterprise -> In a laissez-faire system, the government does not interfere with the economy. The only time the government should get involved is to maintain peace. -> Supporters of laissez-faire argue that if the government regulates the economy, it increases costs and hurts society - not helps it. -> Laissez-faire relies on supply and demand. In this theory, an economy will regulate itself - competing companies keep prices down, and leads to more wealth for everyone. Are there any problems that might develop with this system?

27. Free Enterprise Laissez-faire supporters also wanted to keep taxes low. This is to make sure that individual people - not the government - decide how money will be spent. In the United States, the possibility of profit attract people to business. -> This leads to the American entrepreneur. ->Entrepreneurs are people who risk their own money to organize and run a business - they run a high-risk, high-reward business. Businessmen like John Rockefeller start becomingvery rich.|

28. Homework: Two Great Inventors For homework tonight, do some research! Include the SOURCE for your facts. You must cite the source correctly! Find 10 facts about Nikola Tesla OR 10 facts about Thomas Edison • When you know the author’s name:Last Name, First Name. "Page Title." Website title. Sponsoring Institution/Publisher, Publication Date. Medium. Date Accessed. Example: Smith, John. "Obama inaugurated as President." CNN.com. Cable News Network, 21 Jan. 2009. Web. 1 Feb. 2009. • When you DON’T know the author’s name: "Page Title." Website title. Sponsoring Institution/Publisher, Publication Date. Medium. Date Accessed. Example: “Obama inaugurated as President." CNN.com. Cable News Network, 21 Jan. 2009. Web. 1 Feb. 2009.

29. New Inventions = Advances in Industry Certain inventions helped move the American Industrial Revolution forward. One of the most important invention in the late 1800s was the telephone. -> Alexander Graham Bell came up with the idea by which he believed it would be possible to “talk by telegraph”. -> The telephone revolutionized communication. -> In 1877, Bell and others organized the Bell Telephone company, which would become the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T)

30. New Inventions = Advances in Industry -> The most famous inventor of the late 1800s was Thomas Alva Edison Edison’s lab in New Jersey became the forerunner of the modern research laboratory. Edison first became famous with the invention of the phonograph. -> Edison later perfected the light bulb and the electric generator. -> Edison also developed the modern battery, the mimeograph, and the motion picture camera. In 1882, the Edison Electric Illuminating Company began supplying electricity to New Yorkers. In 1889, the company would turn into Edison General Electric Company - today called GE.

31. Edison v. Tesla Another important inventor was Nikola Tesla. -> Tesla was Serbian-American. He invented alternating current (the electricity we all use today). At one point, he worked for Edison. Edison offered Tesla one million dollars to fix the problems Edison was having with direct current. Tesla fixed the issues, and asked for the money. Edison laughed and said, “Tesla, you don’t understand our American humor.” -> Edison later used Tesla’s alternating current to electrocute local dogs and cats to prove how “dangerous” it was.

32. Edison v. Tesla Tesla’s greatest flaw was that hehad a hard time dealing with people. He was reluctant to enforce hisown patents – allowing other inventors to use them and profitfrom them. Tesla had very few personal relationships. His closest friendwas his pet pigeon (pictured) Tesla may have suffered from OCD – he was obsessed with the number 3, and avoided physical contact with people whenever possible. Ultimately, Tesla died alone, and relatively unknown – his image had been smeared by Edison. It is only recently that Tesla has been gaining popularity again.

33. Life for Workers -> Life for worker in industrial America was difficult. -> Workers had to perform highly specific, repetitive tasks. Workers could take very little pride in their work. It wasn’t their design, or their creativity - they were just repeating the same task again and again. Working conditions were often unhealthy and dangerous. -> Workers breathed in lint, dust, and toxic fumes. -> Heavy machines lacking safety devices caused many injuries.

34. Standard of Living -> Even though there were difficult working conditions, industrialization brought a dramatic rise in the standard of living. Only a few entrepreneurs became rich, but even the average worker made more money -> Wages earned by the average person rose by about 50% between 1860 and 1890. -> Despite this rise in standard-of-living, the gap between the wealthy and the working class caused issue. In 1900, the average worker made 22 cents an hour, and worked 59 hours per week.

35. -> In the late 1800s, the American dollar experienced deflation. -> This means that there was a rise in the value of money, which made prices fall. -> This increased buying power. Money stretched further, and bought more Even though companies sometimesslashed wages, prices fell even faster, allowing the average person to start buying luxury goods. However, many workers were unhappy - companies were paying workers less money for more work. -> Many workers decided the only way to improve their conditions was to organize unions. More “Bang for the Buck”

36. -> In the 1800s, there were two types of workers: craft workers and common laborers. -> Craft workers had special skills and training. This included iron molders, stonecutter, shoemakers, carpenters etc. Craft workers received higher wages and had more control over their time. -> Common workers needed less specialized skills. They had few skills, and received lower wages. -> In the late 1830s, craft workers began to form trade unions - unions limited to people with certain skills. By 1873, there were 32 national trade unions in the United States. Early Unions

37. Employers were often forced to negotiate with trade unions because they represented workers whose skills they needed. If workers had a specific skill, they could not be easily replaced. Even though they had to deal with them, most employers thought unions were conspiracies. -> Owners of large corporations hated industrial unions, which united all workers (craft and common) in an industry. -> Companies tried to keep unions from forming. -> Often, workers who tried to organize unions were fired and placed on a blacklist. -> Once blacklisted, it was very hard for a worker to get another job. Industry Against Unions

38. -> If workers formed a union, companies could use a lockout to break it. -> They locked workers out of the property and refused to pay them. -> If a union called a strike, employers could hire replacement workers, or strikebreakers. Industry Against Unions

39. PART 1 Using the chart on the white board, have each member of your team reproduce the image taped there. Each team-mate should draw the image in their own square. Try to make your picture be as similar to the original as possible. Class Activity

40. PART 2 In your notebooks, answer… 1. Do all the pictures from your group look the same? 2. Is there a faster way you can make the picture look more uniform? Class Activity

41. PART 3 Assign each member of your group one TASK. One group mate should be in charge of drawing the head-shape, one draw the nose, the ears, etc. Each group mate should have a different task. Now, take turns going to the board – have each team mate draw their item on all of the faces for your group. Class Activity

42. Response Read the information at the top of the Division of Labor worksheet, and think of how this activity today was similar to how division of labor worked in American factories. Class Activity

43. 1. Who is Thomas Edison? What did he invent/create? 2. Who is Nikola Tesla? What did he invent/create? 3. Who is Alexander Graham Bell? What did he invent/create? 4. What were some problems people faced in factories? 5. What were some positives? 6. What are unions? 7. Why did people join unions? 8. What’s the difference between a craft worker and a common laborer? 8. What was the response of business owners to unions? 9. What happened if someone was blacklisted? 10. What is a lockout? DO NOW: Review (Quiz Grade)

44. Workers who wanted to form a union sometimes faced problems. -> There were no laws giving workers the right to organize. Also, owners of companies were not required to negotiate with unions. When cases went to court, often the courts sided with the company owners. -> Some people also thought that unions threatened American institutions. This led to the development of Marxism. Political/Social Opposition

45. -> Karl Marx argued that the basic force that shaped capitalist society was the class strugglebetween workers and owners. -> Marx believed that workers would eventually revolt, seize control, and overthrow the government. He also said that history repeated itself, and that thesame class struggle had happened many times in the past. Marxism Discussion: What are some example of class struggle that have happened in history? Figure out one or two with your neighbor, then write them on the board!

46. Marx’s ideas were very popular in Europe. Some American laborers agreed with Marx too. -> However, a few supported anarchism instead. -> Anarchists believe that society does not need any government. -> Anarchists believed that, with only a few acts of violence, they could ignite a revolution and topple the government. In the late 1800s, anarchists assassinated government officials and set off bombs all across Europe, hoping to trigger revolutions. Anarchy!

47. Marxist and anarchist ideas spread through Europe. -> At this point, thousands of European immigrantswere arriving in the United States. -> Nativism - anti-immigrant feelings - was already strong in the United States. As people began to associate immigrants with revolution and anarchy, they became suspicious -> This led to factory owners becoming suspicious of unions that formed - fearing Marxist influence. -> This meant that owners would use the court system, police, and in some cases, the U.S. army to break up unions and stop labor strikes. Strike!

48. Workers tried many times to create large, industry-wide unions. Because of confrontations with owners of the factories, and with the government, these were not successful. -> However, in 1877 there was a huge recession (the Panic of 1873). -> Railroads started cutting wages. -> This triggered the first nationwide labor protest. The Great Railroad Strike

49. -> The Great Railroad strike began in Virginia - workers walked away and blocked the tracks, stopping transit. -> It soon spread to 11 states -> 80,000 workers were on strike. -> 2/3rds of the country’s railroads were affected. Angry strikers smashed equipment, tore up tracks, and blocked rail service in New York, Baltimore, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, and Chicago. -> The governors of several states called out their militias to stop the violence. In many places, gun battles erupted. Then-President Hayes needed to restore order -> The army went to Chicago - but by the time they restored order, more than 100 people were killed, and millions of dollars of property had been destroyed. The Great Railroad Strike

50. The failure of the Great Railroad Strike convinced many union organizers that workers needed to be better organized. ->The Knights of Labor was a new organization - the first nation-wide industrial union. -> The Knights called for several things: ->An 8 hour workday ->A government bureau to keep track of labor statistics ->Equal pay for women ->Abolition of child labor ->The creation of worker-owned factories The Knights of Labor