Module 7

1. Type 2 - 5 Minute Quiz…pick up your worksheet on table and take out notes. Module 7 Sleep and Dreams

2. Objectives • Students will be able to… • Demonstrate their understanding of sleep by creating an illustration on the different stages • Discuss the difference between biological clocks and circadian clock

3. Question of the Day – Type 111/15/10 • According to a national survey • 16% of adults sleep less than six hours • 24% sleep 6 to 6.9 hours • 31% sleep 7 to 7.9 hours • 26% sleep 8 or more hours • Average: 6.9 hours a night • Where do you fall in this survey? • What are the benefits and drawbacks of sleeping the number of hours you sleep?

4. Biological Clock and Circadian rhythm • Biological clocks are internal timing devices that are genetically set to regulate various physiological responses for different periods of time • Circadian rhythm refers to a biological clock that’s genetically programmed to regulate physiological responses within a time period of 24 hours

5. Where is your biological clock located? • Suprachiasmatic nucleus • part of hypothalamus • lies in the lower middle of the brain • regulates a number of circadian rhythms • regulates sleep-wake cycle • highly responsive to change in light

6. Interval v. Food-Entrainable • Interval timing clock • can be started and stopped like a stopwatch, seconds, minutes, or hours • helps creatures time their movements • located in the basal ganglia • Food-entrainable circadian clock • “midnight snack” clock • regulates eating patterns in people and animals • obese people might have an abnormality in their clock (located in hypothalamus)

7. Circadian problems and treatments • Shift workers • decreased performance in cognitive and motor skills • sleep-wake clocks have prepared bodies for sleep (means workers feel sleepy, are less attentive and alert, and are often in a lousy mood) • Jet lag • fatigue, lack of concentration, and reduced cognitive skills during travel to new time zones • biological circadian clocks are out of step

8. Circadian problems and treatments • Resetting clock • light therapy: use of bright artificial light to reset circadian clocks and combat the insomnia and drowsiness that plague shift workers and jet lag sufferers • Melatonin • hormone secreted by the pineal gland (oval-shaped group of cells in the center of the brain) • melatonin secretion increases with darkness and decreases with light • suprachiasmatic nucleus; regulates the secretion of melatonin

9. Activity - Due Tuesday end of class but start today! • Your group will develop a visual representation of sleep on a chart paper (15pts). You must include the following: • Alpha stage • Non-REM stages 1-4 • REM stage • Your group must also have a physical representation of sleep stages to go along with your presentation…I need to see some acting and movement! Tap into your sleep journals if necessary. (15pts) Extra Credit for most creative group (5pts) • Everyone needs to participate to get credit!

10. WORLD OF SLEEP (CONT’D)

11. WORLD OF SLEEP (CONT’D) REM sleep REM behavior disorder usually occurs in older people voluntary muscles aren’t paralyzed can and do act out their dreams REM rebound spending an increased percentage of time in REM sleep if they were deprived of REM sleep on the previous nights

12. QUESTIONS ABOUT SLEEP Why do I sleep? Repair theory activities during the day drain key factors in brain/body that sleep repairs restorative process Adaptive theory prevented from wasting energy and exposing themselves to the dangers of nocturnal predators

13. QUESTIONS ABOUT SLEEP What causes sleep? Master sleep switch VPN (ventrolateral preoptic nucleus); group of cells in the hypothalamus switched on VNP secretes a neurotransmitter (GABA) that turns off areas that keep the brain awake switched off VNP activates certain brain areas Reticular formation column of cells that stretches the length of the brain stem arouses and alerts the forebrain and prepares it to receive information from all the senses

14. CULTURAL DIVERSITY Seasonal affective disorder, or SAD Pattern of depressive symptoms, such as loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities; cycles with the seasons Includes lethargy excessive sleepiness overeating weight gain craving carbohydrates SAD has become a subtype (Seasonal Pattern Specifier) of major depression (APA 2000)

15. Theories of dream interpretation Freud’s theory of dream interpretation we have a “censor” that protects us from realizing threatening and unconscious desires or wishes, especially those involving sex or aggression “censor” protects us from threatening thoughts by transforming our secret, guilt-ridden, and anxiety-provoking desires into harmless symbols that appear in our dreams and don’t disturb our sleep or conscious thoughts

16. WORLD OF DREAMS (CONT’D) Extensions of waking life theory dreams reflect the same thoughts, fears, concerns, problems, and emotions that we have when awake Activation-synthesis theory dreaming occurs because brain areas that provide reasoned cognitive control during the waking state are shut down sleeping brain is stimulated by different chemical and neural influences that result in hallucinations, delusions, high emotions, and bizarre thought patterns that we call dreams

17. WORLD OF DREAMS (CONT’D) Theories of dream interpretation Threat simulation theory dreaming serves a biological function by repeatedly simulating events that are threatening in our waking lives so our brain can practice how it perceives threats and rehearse our responses to such events

18. WORLD OF DREAMS (CONT’D) Typical dreams What do people dream about? several characters involve motion take place indoors more often than out visual sensation, but rarely sensations of taste, smell, or pain seem bizarre, may include flying or falling without injury may be recurrent (dreams of being threatened, pursued, or trying to hide)

19. WORLD OF DREAMS (CONT’D) Typical dreams Involve emotions of anxiety or fear rather than joy or happiness Rarely involve sexual encounters and are almost never about sexual intercourse Rarely can we control or dream about something we intend to dream about Dreams usually have visual imagery and are in color in sighted people Blind people from birth dream in tactile, olfactory, or gustatory (taste), not visual

20. APPLICATION: SLEEP PROBLEMS & TREATMENTS Insomnia Difficulties in either going to sleep or staying asleep through the night Associated with daytime complaints fatigue impairment of concentration memory difficulty lack of well-being

21. APPLICATION: SLEEP PROBLEMS & TREATMENTS (CONT’D) Nondrug treatment Go to bed only when sleepy Put light out immediately; don’t read or watch TV If not asleep in 20 minutes, get out of bed and relax in another room until tired again Repeat last step as often as required Set alarm for same time each morning Don’t nap during the day Follow program rigidly for several weeks

22. APPLICATION: SLEEP PROBLEMS & TREATMENTS (CONT’D) Drug treatment Benzodiazepines (Dalmane, Xanax, Restoril) reduce anxiety, worry, and stress effective in moderate dosages in short term (2 to 4 weeks) treatment; prolonged use in higher dosages may lead to dependence Nonbenzodiazepines (Ambien, Sonata, Lunesta) rapidly becoming popular fast acting reduce daytime drowsiness; fewer cognitive side effects less likely to lead to dependence

23. APPLICATION: SLEEP PROBLEMS & TREATMENTS (CONT’D) Sleep apnea Repeated periods during sleep when a person stops breathing for 10 seconds or longer; may repeatedly stop breathing, momentarily awaken, and then resume sleep Results in insomnia; exhaustion during the day Narcolepsy Chronic disorder marked by excessive sleepiness Form of sleep attacks or short periods of sleep throughout the day Accompanied by brief periods of REM sleep and loss of muscle control (cataplexy) Triggered by emotional change

24. APPLICATION: SLEEP PROBLEMS & TREATMENTS (CONT’D) Night terrors Occur in stage 3 or 4 (delta sleep) Frightening experiences that often start with a piercing scream, followed by sudden awakening in a fearful state with rapid breathing and increased heart rate Usually no memory of experience in the morning Nightmares Occur during REM sleep Very frightening and anxiety-producing images occur involving great danger Upon awakening, person can describe nightmare in great detail

25. APPLICATION: SLEEP PROBLEMS & TREATMENTS (CONT’D) Sleepwalking Occurs in stage 3 or 4 (delta sleep) Sleeper gets up and walks while literally sound asleep Has poor coordination Clumsy but can avoid objects Can engage in limited conversation No memory of sleepwalking