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Chapter 7

Chapter 7 . Bacterial Diseases Acquired through Skin and Mucosa from Arthropod Vectors, Animal Sources, and the Soil. Pathogenic Bacterial Reservoirs and Zoonoses. Humans are the chief reservoir for most pathogenic bacteria Animals, insects, soil

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Chapter 7

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  1. Chapter 7 Bacterial Diseases Acquired through Skin and Mucosa from Arthropod Vectors, Animal Sources, and the Soil

  2. Pathogenic Bacterial Reservoirs and Zoonoses • Humans are the chief reservoir for most pathogenic bacteria • Animals, insects, soil Zoonoses: infectious diseases of animals that can be transmitted to humans

  3. Lyme Disease • Has appeared in every state (except Montana) since it’s identification in Lyme, Connecticut • Transmitted by the bite of a tick • Immunity does not result from infection

  4. Lyme Disease cont. • Symptoms: • Most infected patients do not notice any early stage symptoms • Three stages • Erythema Migrans (EM) • Neurologic and cardiac abnormalities • Arthritis

  5. Lyme Disease cont. • Treatment • Antibiotics • Arthritis symptoms are reversed with a 50% success rate • Prevention • Vaccine in testing stages • Special clothing precautions should be take when hiking, walking, camping etc in areas inhabited by deer • Thorough inspection of all humans (and pets) after exposure

  6. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Typhus infection identified in the Rocky Mountains now found in most parts of the U.S. • Transmission • Tick attaches itself and injects rickettsiae • Feces rubbed into a broken area of skin • Symptoms • Mild fever, loss of appetite, headache • Small, pink spots spreading from wrists and ankles (50% of cases) • Treatment • antibiotics

  7. Tularemia • Hares and rabbits are the main source of infection • Transmission • Insect bites • Working with infecting animal skins • Eating undercooked rabbit or hare meat • Drinking contaminated water

  8. Tularemia cont. • Symptoms • Depends on mode of infection • Skin contact: surrounding tissues and lymph glands become infected • If inhaled: pneumonic or typhoidal disease • injection: sore throat, intestinal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting

  9. Ehrlichiosis • First human case in 1987 • Two separate diseases • HME (human monocytic Ehrlichiosis) • HGE (human granulocytic Ehrlichiosis) • Tranmission • Ticks

  10. Ehrlichiosis • Symptoms • Fever, malaise, myalgia, headaches, riggers • Rash may occur away from the location of the tick bite • Treatment • Tetracycline • As emerging diseases, no other effect drugs have been identified.

  11. Plague • Bubonic form is most common • All have high mortality rates with (60%) and without (100%) treatment • Pneumonic plague • Septicemic plague

  12. Plague cont. • Transmission • Flea bite from an infected rodent • Pneumonic transmitted through the air from pets to humans and person-to-person • Symptoms • Vary with type • Treatment • Streptomyoin (within 8-24 hours) • Penicillin is ineffective

  13. Plague cont. • Prevention/Control • Simultaneous elimination of rats and fleas • Removal of unsanitary conditions • Isolation of victims • Disinfection of contaminated clothing

  14. Leptospirosis • Also called Weil’s disease • Transmission • Skin contact with water, moist soil or vegetation contaminated with the excreta of infected animals • Symptoms • Fever, headache, chills, malaise, vomiting, muscle aches • Death is rare but generally do to liver or kidney failure and/or heart problems • Treatment • Antibiotics, including Penicillin • Prevention • Protective clothing

  15. Brusellosis • Undulant fever • Transmission • Direct contact with infecting animal tissues (cattle or other animals) • Contaminated barn or slaughterhouse dust • Unpasteurized dairy products

  16. Brusellosis cont. • Symptoms • Fever, headache, chills, weakness and other generalized symptoms • Treatment • Prolonged antibiotic treatment • Prevention • No vaccine is available • Education of at risk individuals is important

  17. Tetanus Puncture wounds provide the best growing conditions for the bacteria clostridium tetani • Transmission • Spores can be found anywhere that has been contaminated with fecal matter • Symptoms • Rigidity in the abdomen or area around the wound • tetanus toxin attacks the central nervous system • Involuntary muscle contractions • Locked jaw

  18. Tetanus • Treatment • Nonimmunized person must be treated within 72 hours • Prevention/Control • Active immunization and booster shots

  19. Anthrax • Disease of domestic animals • Bacillus anthracis • Death rate of 99% for unvaccinated persons

  20. Anthrax cont. • Transmission • Contact with animals dying of anthrax • Animal products: bone meal, animal hides • Biting flies from a diseased animal • Undercooked, contaminated meat

  21. Anthrax cont. • Symptoms • Cutaneous • Itching at site of entry • Intestinal • Abdominal distress, fever, septicemia • Inhalation • Respiratory distress after 3-5 days • Fever • Will eventually cause blood poisoning & shock

  22. Anthrax cont. • Treatment • Early diagnosis and treatment are essential • Prevention • Vaccine • Education

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