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Gerunds and Infinitives

Gerunds and Infinitives. Not an easy choice!. Before we start on this subject. What are the six forms of the English verb? Base Past Infinitive ‘s’ form Present Perfect (or ‘ing’ form) Past Perfect. Verbals have some of the characteristics of verbs.

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Gerunds and Infinitives

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  1. Gerunds and Infinitives Not an easy choice!

  2. Before we start on this subject • What are the six forms of the English verb? • Base • Past • Infinitive • ‘s’ form • Present Perfect (or ‘ing’ form) • Past Perfect

  3. Verbals have some of the characteristics of verbs. Participle phrases, Gerunds and Infinitives are all verbals. Verbs vary as to person and number. Verbals do not vary as to person and number. Gerunds and Infinitives are Verbals

  4. What is a participle phrase? • Participle phrases are verbal adjectives. • They are (Surprise!) made from the Present and Past Participle forms of the verb. • Present Particple Verbs alsways end in ‘ing’.

  5. Active voice Knowing him well, we asked for a ride. Having elected him mayor, his friends felt they should be rewarded. Passive voice Mr. Portly, being known as a wealthy man, can easily borrow money. Which is a present perfect participle? Examples of Present Participle Phrases

  6. There is only a passive form. Somewhat embarrassed by this remark, Norris smiled and made an awkward bow. Examples of Past Participle Phrases

  7. The Gerund is a verbal noun. It is made from the ‘ing’ form of the verb. The perfect forms use havING plus the past participle. Active Examples: Seeing is believing. Having read the book is enough; I don’t need to see the movie. Gerunds

  8. Examples: Doctors often have the experience of being called in the middle of the night. His having been fined twice, has caused him to drive more slowly. Gerunds can be in the Passive voice also.

  9. This information is on Page 180 of ‘Technically Speaking’ Admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, consider Delay, deny, detest, dislike, dread Enjoy, finish, involve Mind, miss, postpone, regret, resent, resist, risk Fancy (imagine) Keep (continue) Remember (recall) Stop (cease) Verbs that are always followed by a gerund

  10. Look forward to Can’t help Can’t stand It’s no use It’s worth To be used to Expressions that are always followed by a gerund

  11. Spelling rules for gerunds and participles • Rule 1: If a verb ends with a consonant + single vowel + consonant combination, double the final consonant before adding ‘ing’. • Example: stopping

  12. Spelling rules for gerunds and participles • Rule 2: If a verb ends with a consonant + double vowel + consonant combination, do NOT double the final consonant before adding ‘ing’. • Example: lean > leaning

  13. Spelling rules for gerunds and participles • Rule 3: If a one-syllable verb ends with double consonants, do NOT double the final consonant before adding ‘ing’. • Example: risk > risking

  14. Spelling rules for gerunds and participles • Rule 4: If a verb ends with the letter ‘e’, drop it before adding ‘ing’. • Example: write > writing

  15. Spelling rules for gerunds and participles • Rule 5: If a two-syllable verb end with a stressed syllable, double the final consonant before adding ‘ing’. • Example: begin > beginning

  16. Spelling rules for gerunds and participles • Rule 6: If a two-syllable verb begins with a stressed syllable, do not double the final consonant before adding ‘ing’. • Example: gather > gathering

  17. Spelling rules for gerunds and participles • Rule 7: If a verb ends with ‘y’, simply add ‘ing’ to the verb. • Example: fly > flying

  18. Infinitives are verbals too! • The infinitive is a verbal which can function as a noun, an adjective or an adverb. • The infinitive starts with the word ‘to’. • Usage frequently defines whether to use a gerund or an infinitive. Use the chart on Page 180 as a guide.

  19. Active forms To err is human. He is thought to have leftthe country. What are the functions of each of these infinitives? Passive forms To be forgiven may be divine. Her voice is said to have been praised in all the capitals of Europe. Examples of infinitives

  20. A short word on count and non-count nouns • There are a number of nouns in English that do not take an ‘s’ because they are considered non-countable. • Some of these words can take an ‘s’ in French.

  21. Furniture Research Information Work Homework Advice Rice Can you name any others? Common non-count nouns

  22. Count nouns Many + plural More + plural Few + plural Some, a lot of The noun is plural Note: count nouns are never modified by ‘less’ Non-count nouns More + singular Less + singular Some, a lot of The noun stays singular Note: non-count nouns are never modified by ‘many’ or ‘few’ Modifying count and non-count nouns

  23. On-line Exercise Please do the on-line exercise linked to this information!

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