Unit 1: American Beginnings

1. Unit 1: American Beginnings Chapter 1 Three Worlds Meet

2. COLONIZATION AND THE IMPACT ON NATIVE PEOPLES • PEOPLE MIGRATED TO NORTH AMERICA • EUROPEANS EXPLORED • SPAIN • ENGLAND • FRANCE • HOLLAND Slide 3

3. How did we get here?

4. LAND BRIDGE BETWEEN NORTH AMERICA AND ASIA ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE HAS BEEN DISCOVERED THAT SHOWS THE SEA LEVELS WERE LOWER AND EXPOSED A LAND BRIDGE CALLED BERINGIA BETWEEN THE TWO CONTINENTS ABOUT 70,000 YEARS AGO EXPERTS POSTULATE DIFFERENT EXACT ARRIVAL DATES FOR HUMANS BUT THE EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT HUMANS LIVED THROUGHOUT NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA BY 10,000 B.C.E. LAND BRIDGE ASIA NORTH AMERICA

5. PRE-EUROPEAN CONTACT TO THE 1700s ON THE NORTH AMERICAN CONTINENT • GEOGRAPHY HELPED SHAPE CULTURES AMONG THE DIVERSE NATIVE AMERICAN PEOPLES • IN THE SOUTHWEST OF NORTH AMERICA, TRIBES TENDED TO SETTLE IN ONE PLACE AND PRACTICE AGRICULTURE • IN THE GREAT PLAINS, TRIBES HUNTED LARGE GAME LIKE BUFFALO AS WELL AS CULTIVATING FOOD • IN THE EAST, TRIBES USED THE VARIOUS WATER SOURCES FOR TRADE, TRANSPORTATION, AND FISHING AS WELL AS RAISING CROPS

6. Olmec • Aztec • Mayan • Inca • Hohokam & Anasazi • Adena, Hopewell, Mississippian 6 5 2 3 1 4

7. Indigenous Peoples of South America Olmecs—1st Empire in the Americas (southern Mexico) Maya—Yucatan Peninsula. Developed a written language and a calendar. Aztec—Central Mexico, Present day Mexico City. Built great cities, pyramids, and irrigation systems. Inca—Western coast of South America. Created a highway system.

8. Hohokam & Anasazi—introduced crops into the deserts of the southwest US. Adena, Hopewell, Mississippian—Great lakes to gulf of Mexico. Excelled in trade and architecture. Built huge burial mounds as big as pyramids.

9. IN THE MIDDLE AGES EUROPEAN COUNTRIES EXPANDED BEYOND THEIR BORDERS AFTER THE CRUSADES INTRODUCED EUROPE TO THE SPICES AND RICHES OF AFRICA AND ASIA SEVERAL COUNTRIES DESIRED A MORE DIRECT ROUTE SINCE THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE CONTROLLED THE TRADE ROUTES AND PRICES. SPAIN, PORTUGAL, ENGLAND, FRANCE, AND THE NETHERLANDS BEGAN SEARCHING FOR NEW ROUTES VIA THE OCEAN. SEARCHING FOR A SHORTCUT

11. MANY OF THOSE DESIRES FOR EXPLORATION HAD ALREADY EXISTED FOR CENTURIES, SO WHAT CHANGED? 1543 GLOBE • NEW TECHNOLOGY: • COMPASS • GLOBE • RUDDER • IMPROVED SHIP BUILDING TECHNIQUES AND DESIGN • QUADRANT (IMPROVED ABILITY TO DETERMINE LATITUDE BASED ON ALTITUDE OF STARS) • MAPS FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES • MARCO POLO’S WRITINGS

12. MAP OF ROUTES TAKEN BY EUROPEAN EXPLORERS

13. SPANISH EXPLORATION CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, AN ITALIAN NAVIGATOR, CONVINCED THE KING AND QUEEN OF SPAIN TO FUND AN EXPEDITION TO FIND A WESTERN ROUTE TO THE RICHES OF ASIA. THE PORTUGUESE HAD SAILED THE ROUTE AROUND AFRICA AND THEREFORE DOMINATED THE EASTERN ROUTE. AT THE TIME MAPS OF THE WORLD DID NOT INCLUDE THE AMERICAS.

14. COLUMBUS AND HIS CREW ARRIVED IN THE “NEW WORLD”, PROBABLY IN THE BAHAMAS. IT WAS CALLED THAT BECAUSE AT THE TIME NO MODERN EUROPEAN NATION WAS AWARE OF THE CONTINENT’S EXISTENCE. VIKINGS HAD EXPLORED PARTS OF NORTH AMERICA IN THE 1000s BUT THEY DID NOT STAY.

15. Columbus—His discovery sparked the Age of Exploration and caused these three worlds to come together. Native Americans—Many cultures were destroyed by war, disease, and genocide. Africans—Their lives were changed forever as they began hundreds of years of slavery.

17. Who got the better end of the deal?

18. SPAIN LED THE EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION OF THE AMERICAS • HERNAN CORTES CONQUERED THE AZTECS OF MEXICO • FRANCISCO PIZARRO CONQUERED THE INCAS OF PERU • THE QUEST FOR RICHES DROVE THE SPANISH TO ENSLAVE THE NATIVE POPULATION TO MINE FOR GOLD AND SILVER, WHILE A DESIRE TO CONVERT NATIVES TO CATHOLICISM LED TO THE BUILDING OF MISSIONS THROUGHOUT NORTH, CENTRAL, AND SOUTH AMERICA AS WELL AS SEVERAL CARIBBEAN ISLANDS • GUNS, HORSES AND STEEL WERE MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS TO SPAIN’S SUCCESS AS THEY MADE THE SPANISH UNSTOPPABLE

19. Conquistadors • Spanish word for conqueror. • Cortez defeated the Aztecs with superior weaponry, disease, and psychology.

20. SPAIN CONTROLLED MOST OF SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA, MUCH OF THE CARIBBEAN, AND PARTS OF NORTH AMERICA. HOWEVER TERRITORY THAT LARGE WAS DIFFICULT TO CONTROL AND THEREFORE WAS OPEN TO ATTACK. OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES HAD SEEN THE RICHES BROUGHT BACK BY SPAIN AND WERE EAGER TO STAKE A CLAIM.

21. DISEASE PLAYED A MAJOR ROLE IN THE COLONIZER’S SUCCESS • PRIOR TO EUROPEAN ARRIVAL IT IS ESTIMATED THAT AS MANY AS 50 MILLION PEOPLE LIVED IN THE AMERICAS • ALTHOUGH SMALLPOX, MEASLES, AND INFLUENZA WERE WIDESPREAD THROUGHOUT EUROPE, THE DISEASE HAD NEVER INFESTED NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA • NATIVE AMERICANS HAD NO IMMUNITY TO THESE NEW DISEASES • IT IS BELIEVED THAT AS MANY AS 90 PERCENT OF THE POPULATION WAS WIPED OUT WITHIN 75 YEARS OF CONTACT • ALTHOUGH THERE WERE MANY INSTANCES WHERE NATIVE AMERICANS RESISTED EUROPEAN COLONIZATION, DISEASE CONTRIBUTED GREATLY TO EUROPEAN DOMINANCE

22. AFRICANS WERE BROUGHT TO THE AMERICAS • EUROPEANS, IN THEIR PUSH FOR WEALTH, FORCED NATIVE AMERICANS TO WORK AS SLAVES IN MINES AND IN SUGAR CANE FIELDS • AS THE NATIVE POPULATION FLED AND DIED FROM DISEASES THE SPANIARDS LOOKED TO AFRICA AS A LABOR SOURCE • MOST OF THE AFRICANS WERE FROM THE WEST COAST OF AFRICA • SLAVES WERE TAKEN FIRST TO THE CARIBBEAN AND SOUTH AMERICA • EVENTUALLY SLAVERY WAS BROUGHT TO NORTH AMERICA MAP OF THE REGION IN AFRICA WHERE MOST PEOPLE WERE TAKEN FROM TALLY SHEET FROM AN ACTUAL CARGO OF SLAVES

23. AFRICANS CRAMMED ONTO A SHIP FOR TRANSPORT TO BECOME SLAVES

24. SLAVERY WAS AN OLD INSTITUTION • IT HAD BEEN PRACTICED FOR MANY CENTURIES IN MOST SOCIETIES THROUGHOUT THE WORLD • GENERALLY SLAVES WERE WAR PRISONERS, NON-BELIEVERS OF THE RELIGION OF THEIR CONQUERORS, AND POOR PEOPLE WHO INDENTURED THEMSELVES TO GET OUT OF DEBT • SLAVERY IN THE AMERICAS DIFFERED IN THAT EARLIER FORMS OF SLAVERY WERE NOT PERMANENT, INVOLVING MULTIPLE GENERATIONS, DENYING EDUCATION, MARRIAGE, PARENTHOOD, AND DID NOT DEGRADE SLAVES TO SUB-HUMAN STATUS. IT ALSO HAD NOT BEEN PRIMARILY RACE-BASED.

25. TENSION BETWEEN ENGLAND AND SPAIN ESCALATED • ENGLAND HAD TRIED UNSUCCESSFULLY TO COMPETE WITH THE SPANISH EMPIRE THROUGHOUT THE 1500s • PIRACY ON THE PART OF THE ENGLISH YIELDED GREAT PROFITS AND FRANCIS DRAKE (LATER KNIGHTED BY QUEEN ELIZABETH I) FAMOUSLY PLUNDERED MUCH FROM SPANISH SHIPS IN 1580 • PHILIP II OF SPAIN TOOK THE “INVINCIBLE ARMADA”, ABOUT 130 SHIPS, TO INVADE ENGLAND IN 1588 AND WAS DEFEATED. THIS LED TO ENGLISH DOMINANCE IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC AND THE ABILITY TO EASILY NAVIGATE THE VOYAGE TO NORTH AMERICA

26. THE FIRST ENGLISH ARRIVED IN THE “NEW WORLD” AND ESTABLISHED A COLONY

29. Why did Europeans risk everything they had to come to the new world? This engraving promised immigrants leisurely hunting and fishing and abundant food in Virginia.

30. JAMESTOWN AND THE VIRGINIA COLONY THE VIRGINIA COMPANY OF LONDON RECEIVED A CHARTER FROM KING JAMES I OF ENGLAND TO SETTLE IN THE “NEW WORLD”. THIS MEANT THAT THEY FUNDED THE EXPEDITION IN HOPES OF FINDING WEALTH. THE SITE CHOSEN, ON THE BANKS OF THE JAMES RIVER CONSISTED OF HARSH WEATHER AND DISEASES. HUNDREDS OF THE ORIGINAL INHABITANTS DIED FROM STARVATION, DISEASE, AND NATIVE AMERICAN ATTACKS.

31. Jamestown - 1607 • King James I of England commissioned the Virginia Company to explore the new land.

32. Jamestown - 1607 • Lead by John Smith, the Jamestown colony did not fair well at first.

33. Jamestown - 1607 • Settlers were not prepared for the conditions. • John Rolfe- cross breed or Brazilian tobacco and native weeds. • Help and hurt from the natives

34. HOW DID THE ENGLISH COLONIES BECOME SO POPULATED SINCE CONDITIONS WERE SO TOUGH IN VIRGINIA? ECONOMIC, RELIGIOUS, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL FACTORS TOBACCO PLAYED A TREMENDOUS ROLE IN THE SUCCESS OF THE COLONY AS IT YIELDED HUGE PROFITS WHEN SOLD IN EUROPE LAND WAS USED AS AN INCENTIVE TO ATTRACT SETTLERS THE FIRST ELECTED REPRESENTATIVE BODY IN A COLONY WAS CREATED, THE HOUSE OF BURGESSES RELIGIOUS STRIFE BETWEEN CATHOLICS AND PROTESTANTS LED TO MASS MIGRATIONS OF BOTH GROUPS TO DIFFERENT COLONIES ECONOMIC CONDITIONS FOR THE AVERAGE ENGLISHMAN BECAME EVEN TOUGHER WITH THE INFUSION OF NEW RICHES INTO THE EUROPEAN ECONOMY BY THE SPANISH

35. THE FRENCH • IN 1524 GIOVANNI Da VERRAZANO EXPLORED THE ATLANTIC COAST BETWEEN FLORIDA AND NEWFOUNDLAND AND ESTABLISHED RELATIONSHIPS WITH NATIVE AMERICAN FUR-TRAPPING TRIBES • IN 1534 JACQUES CARTIER SAILED THE LAWRENCE RIVER, SOLIDIFIED THOSE RELATIONSHIPS AND CREATED NEW ONES WITH OTHER NATIVE AMERICAN TRIBES • ALTHOUGH THE FRENCH TRIED TO SETTLE IN FLORIDA THEY WERE STOPPED BY THE SPANISH • INITIALLY THE FRENCH FISHED IN THE ATLANTIC FOR COD AND SALMON BUT FUR TRADING YIELDED BIGGER PROFITS • THE FUR TRADE NECESSITATED FEW SETTLERS AT FIRST BUT BY THE MID 1600s THE FRENCH CONTROLLED THE INTERIOR OF NORTH AMERICA

36. LOUISIANA TERRITORY CONTROLLED BY THE FRENCH

37. THE DUTCH • IN 1624 THE DUTCH PURCHASED WHAT TODAY IS THE ISLAND OF MANHATTAN IN NEW YORK FROM LOCAL INDIANS FOR THE EQUIVALENT OF $24. THE DUTCH NAMED THE AREA “NEW AMSTERDAM”. • THE DUTCH WEST INDIA COMPANY ESTABLISHED THE COLONY OF NEW NETHERLAND WHEN 30 FAMILIES SETTLED ALONG THE DELAWARE AND HUDSON RIVERS AND GOVERNOR’S ISLAND. • THE DUTCH CONTROLLED THIS AREA UNTIL 1664 WHEN THE GOVERNOR SURRENDERED THE TERRITORY TO THE BRITISH.

38. Slavery and the Americas • Known as the “Middle Passage” • Eventually slaves largely outnumbered white colonists. • Anthony Johnson – first slave holder in the new world.

39. Bacon’s Rebellion - 1676 • Gov. Berkeley monopolized trade with the Native Americans • Tensions between Native Americans and indentured servants hits boiling point • Berkeley refuses to retaliate against natives.

40. Bacon’s Rebellion - 1676 • Nathaniel Bacon leads 1,000 Virginians in rebellion to protest the poor treatment of indentured servants. • Rebels attacked all Native Americans • Burned Jamestown and plundered city. • Shows the strength of the indentured servants • Land owners begin searching for a group of workers that wouldn’t rebel – slaves.

42. The New England Colonies • Colonies:The four original New England Colonies were :New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. • People: The people who settled and lived in the New England Colonies were from England. • Economies: Farming in the New England Colonies was difficult due to the poor soil, cold climate and short growing season. Families in New England grew enough food to feed their families but had to rely on manufacturing and trade to earn livings. • Climate: The Climate in the New England colonies was colder than the other two regions due to the northern location. • Geography: The geography of New England was mostly hills and rocky soil. • Natural Resources: The natural resources of New England were fish, whales, trees, and furs. • Religion: The established religion of the New England Colonies was Puritan. Religious freedom did not exist in New England.

43. The Middle Colonies • Colonies: The Middle Colonies consisted of Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York. • People: The Middle Colonies were the most ethnically and religiously diverse of the thirteen original colonies because of the influence of their Polish, English, Dutch, French and German origins. • Climate: The climate in the Middle Colonies was relatively hot. This allowed for a longer growing season. It was warmer than its northern counterpart New England but cooler than the Southern colonies • Geography: The geography of the middle colonies was made up of hills and flat lands with good soil. • Natural Resources: The natural resources of the middle colonies were iron ore and good soil. • Religion: The Middle colonists were a mixture of religions, including Quakers (led by William Penn), Catholics, Lutherans, Jews, and others.

44. The Southern Colonies • Colonies: In contrast to the New England and middle colonies were the rural southern colonies of Virginia, Maryland, North and South Carolina, and Georgia. • People: The populations in the southern colonies were diverse and consisted of many European nationalities. • Climate: The climate in the southern colonies was the warmest of the three regions and boasted the longest growing season. • Geography: The geography of the Southern Colonies which had a broad, coastal plain that was hilly and covered with forests. • Natural Resources: The natural resources found in the south were the rich farm lands, forests, and fish. • Religion: Religion did not have a large influence on the daily lives of southern colonists. The Southern colonists had a mixture of religions including Baptists and Anglicans.

45. Puritans Escaping for religious freedom Pilgrims

46. Pilgrims - Separatists • Wanted to completely leave the Church • Did not like having to share the church with the “damned”

47. Plymouth Colony • Settled by the Pilgrims escaping religious persecution. • Formed a “covenant community” based on their religious beliefs • Led by William Bradford

48. Puritans – Mass. Bay Colony • Wanted to ‘purify’ the church • Grew impatient with the slow reformation back in England • Led by John Winthrop • City Upon a Hill – speech given on the Mayflower – city will be a role model for the rest of civilization

49. Puritans – Political Characteristics • No democracy • Only adult males owning land and going to church could vote. (40%) • Church and state close • Laws criminalized drunkenness, swearing, theft and idleness • Taxes paid to the church • Used town hall meetings as forms of government

50. Mayflower Compact - 1620