The End of the War to End all Wars

1. The End of the War to End all Wars Treaties and Consequences

2. Treaty of Brest-Litvosk - March 3, 1918 Who is involved? Germany A-H vs. Russia Bulgaria (Defeated) Ottoman Empire

7. Treaty of Versailles – 28 June, 1919 Allies v. Germany • Who is involved? (3 most important) David Lloyd George – GB Woodrow Wilson – US Georgas Clemenceau - FR • Where? Hall of Mirrors – Versailles France

10. How devastated is Europe?

11. Focus

12. Woodrow Wilson Ideas

14. Main Points – Treaty of Versailles • 1. "War Guilt Clause". • 2. Quite literally, reparations would be used to pay for the damage to be repaired. Payment could be in kind or cash. The figure was not set at Versailles - it was to be determined later. The Germans were told to write a blank cheque which the Allies would cash when it suited them.      • 3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.            .

15. Should Germany sign? Sign or Be invaded Allies

16. Wilson's claims that he could "predict with absolute certainty that within another generation there will be another world war if the nations of the world do not concert the method by which to prevent it.”

17. Treaty of Sèvres - 10 August, 1920 • Allies v. Ottoman Empire • 15 months of writing by GB + IT + FR • No US (Isolation) or Russia

18. Treaty of Sèvres - 10 August, 1920

21. Treaty of St. Germain - 10 Sept, 1919 • Who • Allies/League of Nations (not US) vs. A-H • (Austria, A-H has already dissolved)

24. Treaty of Trianon - 4 June, 1920 “the Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Hungary accepts the responsibility of Hungary and her allies for causing the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Austria-Hungary and her allies.”

25. Treaty of Trianon - 4 June, 1920 Who is involved? Allies/League of Nations (not US) vs. Hungary • Lost 72% of territory and 64% of inhabitants • One year will no longer be a citizen • Romania, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia • Attempt at Right for Self-determination

26. Now what? • Land locked • Economy production at roughly 30% prewar level • 5% in bank investments • Military to 35,000 men • No conscription + no Navy + no AF

28. Treaty of Neuilly - 27 November, 1919 • Allies/League of Nations (not US) vs. Bulgaria (ally with Germany) • Army to 20,000 • Gave up gained land to Greece and Yugoslavia • Reparations of about £100million • Land is later reclaimed when the aligned with Nazi Germany later

30. Social Impact: The experience of civilians • “The Lost Generations” – never fully recovered from experiences, optimism gone • Mourn – privately and publicly, thousands of memorials erected • Loss of nationalism – growth of internationalism (LoN)

33. The Wall Street Crash: causes and consequences • Most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States • Coming off the roaring 20’s • “Black Tuesday”, October 29th, 1929 – $14 billion dollar loss in value, $30 billion that week • Loss of 25% value • More money loaned then circulating in the United States

35. 1) 12 million people out of work • 2) 12,000 people being made unemployed every day • 3) 20,000 companies had gone bankrupt • 4) 1616 banks had gone bankrupt • 5) 1 farmer in 20 evicted • 6) 23,000 people committed suicide in one year - the highest ever

36. International Impact: The League of Nations to 1929 • An inter-governmental organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920. • At its greatest extent from 28 September 1934 to 23 February 1935, it had 58 members. • Designed by Wilson, US never joins