Carl Hunter I.D.# 1005422 English IV Creative Writing p.7-8 11 April 2011

1. The Age of Enlightenment Carl HunterI.D.# 1005422English IV Creative Writing p.7-811 April 2011 Figure 1 www.coverbrowser.com/covers/mentor-books/2 imagine shows philosophers of the time from the book The Age of Enlightenment

2. To understand the natural world and humankind's place • It solely on the basis of reason and without turning to religious belief was the goal of the wide-ranging intellectual movement called the Enlightenment. • The movement claimed the allegiance of a majority of thinkers during the 17th and 18th centuries, a period that Thomas Paine called the Age of Reason. THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT Figure1 http://char.txa.cornell.edu/art/fineart/evolidea/evolidea.htm art work of the 18th century The Marquise de Pompadour by FranciosBroucher 1759

3. The eighteenth century, when Newtonian science exerted its greatest • impact, was exceptionally noteworthy for European cultural expression. • Sought to find in human affairs natural • laws similar to those science had discovered in the physical universe. • This • approach, with its optimistic utopianism, found some expression in literature, • but it was much more obscured in the visual arts and barely noticeable in • music. Figure 3 From www.history-world.org/age_of_enlightenment.htm a philosopher of the time The Age of Cultural Expression

4. The quantity and diversity of artistic works during the period do not fit • easily into categories for interpretation • Although the • end of the century saw a slight romantic turn, the era's characteristic accent • on reason found its best expression in neoclassicism. • Paintings of delicate jewelry and porcelains, of wooded • scenes, artful dances, and women, particularly women in the nude. The Developing of the Arts Figure4 http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/enlightenment_age.html paintings of the time

5. Rococo • painters also specialized in portraiture, showing aristocratic subjects in • their finery, idealized and beautified on canvas. • The rococo painting of • Antoine Watteau (1684-1721) blended fantasy with acute observations of nature, • conveying the ease and luxury of French court life. • English painting lacked the characteristic rococo frivolity, but • the style affected works whose portraits tended to flatter their aristocratic • subjects. The Developing of the Arts Cont. Figure5 http://mydwinderingthoughts.tumblr.com/post/249415932/beautiful-work-from-2009-by-ray-ceasar-a Rococo style painting

6. Eighteenth-century neoclassicism in painting is difficult to separate • from some works in the era of Louis XIV. • Often in • grandiose scenes from antiquity or mythology. • The neoclassic approach, however, often • expressed powerful dissatisfaction and criticism of the existing order, • sometimes in stark realism and sometimes in colossal allegory Figure 6georgianaduchessofdevonshire.blogspot.com paintings of the time ART: PAINTINGS

7. The number of women painters increased during the eighteenth century, but • they were so limited by traditions and so dependent upon public favor that • they could hardly maintain consistent styles. • Very few were admitted to • academies, where their work might be shown;. • in France, they were not permitted • to work with nude models. Figure 6georgianaduchessofdevonshire.blogspot.com paintings of the time THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT

8. Neoclassicism also found expression in architecture and sculpture. • Architecture was marked by a return to the intrinsic dignity of what a • contemporary called "the noble simplicity and tranquil loftiness of the • ancients." • The Madeleine of Paris is a faithful copy of a still-standing Roman • temple, and the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin was modeled after the monumental • entrance to the Acropolis in Athens. In England, Figure7 tilegalleria.com picture of Fruit THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT

9. A Swiss-born artist who painted in England and Italy. • All three • were celebrated intheir time. • Each produced grand scenes in the neoclassical • style, but their market limited them to flattering portraits, at which they • excelled. Figure 9 parajr.blogspot.com the lake THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT

10. At the opening of the eighteenth century, music demonstrated typical • baroque characteristics. • These were evident in instrumental music, especially • that of the organ and the strings. • The most typical baroque medium was opera, • with its opulence and highly emotional content. Figure 10 Theluckyportfolio.com THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENTArt

11. The era culminated in the • sumptuous religious music of Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750), a prolific • German organ master and choir director. Bach's equally great contemporary, the • German-born naturalized Englishman, • George Frideric Handel (1685-1759), is • known for his grand and dramatic operas, oratorios, and cantatas. Figure 11 http://www.blogofdeath.com/archives/2004_04.html THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENTMusic

12. Composers of the late eighteenth century turned from the heavy and • complex baroque styles to classical music of greater clarity, simpler • structures, and more formal models. • Plain, often folklike melodies also became • common. • With the appearance of symphonies, sonatas, concertos, and chamber • music, Figure 12 http://lifetakeslemons.wordpress.com/tag/music/ THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENTMusic

13. The general emphasis on technical perfection, melody, • and orchestration is summed up in the work of the Austrian composers Franz • Joseph Haydn • Mozart wrote more than • 600 works, including 41 symphonies, 22 operas, and 23 string quartets, • climaxing his career with his three most famous operas • The Marriage of Figaro • (1786) Don Giovanni (1787), and The Magic Flute (1791). Figure 13 http://colonialwilliamsburgvacations.com/visit/eventsAndExhibits/calendar/i THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENTMusic

14. Musical expression at the turn of the century was touched by the genius • of the immortal German composer Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827). • The passion • of his sonatas and symphonies expressed a revolutionary romanticism, which • challenged the sedate classicism of his time THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENTMusic Figure 14 http://colonialwilliamsburgvacations.com/visit/eventsAndExhibits/calendar/

15. Neoclassicism also found expression in architecture and sculpture. • Architecture was marked by a return to the intrinsic dignity of what a • contemporary called "the noble simplicity and tranquil loftiness of the • ancients. • " The Madeleine of Paris is a faithful copy of a still-standing Roman • temple, and the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin was modeled after the monumental • entrance to the Acropolis in Athens. From 15 castles.travelinos.com THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENTArchitecture

16. In England, the great country houses of the nobility now • exhibited a purity of design • columns. • Mount Vernon is an outstanding example of neoclassicism in colonial • America. • The trend in sculpture often revived classical themes from Greek and • Roman mythology. Figure 16 http://www.search.revolutionaryplayers.org.The Birmingham Theater THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENTArchitecture

17. More than in art, neoclassicism in literature came closer to voicing the • eighteenth century's fascination . • Theverbal media of poetry, drama, prose was introduced. • The exposition was also commonly used to • convey the new philosophic principles. Figure 17english.ucdavis.edu a book on the 18th century THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT

18. A typical poetic voice of the Age of Reason in England was Alexander Pope • (1688-1744). • In his most famous work, An Essay on Man (1733), Pope expressed • the optimism and respect for reason that marked the era. • He described a • Newtonian universe . THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT Figure 18 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_Pope_portrait.jpg a picture of Alexander Pope

19. Figure 19 electronic-audiobooks.com an example of a novel • The novel became a major literary vehicle in this period. • It caught on • first in France during the preceding century and was then popularized in • England. • Robinson Crusoe (1719), by Daniel Defoe (1659-1731), is often called • the first modern English novel. THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT

20. Each novel, in its own way, defined a natural human • Morality. • The novel became a major literary vehicle in this period. • It caught on • first in France during the preceding century and was then popularized in • England. Figure 20 fayeminister2.wordpress.com writing novels THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT

21. Western Europe's worship of reason, reflected only vaguely in art and • Literature. • Collectively as the Enlightenment. It was not originally a popular movement. • Catching on first among scientists, philosophers, and some theologians. THE AGE OF Reason in Philosophy Figure 21 from artsmia.org

22. Nature was seen as a complex of interacting laws • governing the universe. • The individual human being, as part of that system, • was designed to act rationally. • The most fundamental concept of the Enlightenment were faith in nature • and belief in human progress. Figure 22 From fineartamerica.com Painting by Albie Davis THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT

23. Toward the end of the eighteenth century, a reaction against reason • countered this materialism without affecting the fundamental objectives of the • Enlightenment. • Idealistic philosophy and pietism both challenged the • scientific view of the individual, emphasizing that intuition and faith are • human qualities as essential as reason. • Together with the rationalism of • the Enlightenment, the reaction against reason before 1800 also challenged • absolutism's domination of the human body, mind, and spirit. THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT Figure 23 From avaxhome.ws

24. Bibliography Dunn, John M. The Enlightenment. Lucent Books, 1999. Eze, Emmanuel. Race of the Enlightenment . Blackwell Pub, 1997 Fitzgerald, Martin. The Enlightenment World. London: Rutledge, 2004. Hackett, Lewis. The Age of Englihtenment. 1992. Hyland, Paul. Englightenment Reader.Routledge, 2003. Jacob, Margret. A breif History with Document . Bedford , 2000. Kalamuzah, Ralph. The Age of Englightenment Short History. Washington D.C., 3 05 2003. Kapp, Kris. "Effect of the Enlightenment ." The History ofAcreology(2001): 5. Porter, Roy. Creation of the Modern World . W.W. Norton & Co , 2001. Wilde, Robert. "Enlightenment Thinkers ." Englihtenemt Thinkers (2000): 6.