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國際海洋法

國際海洋法. Law of the Sea. High Seas (p. 607) 公海自由 Right of Hot Pursuit (p. 619) Continental Shelf (p. 622) > 200 nautical miles International Seabed Authority (1994, Jamaica). Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) 200 nautical miles 2009 南海對峙事件 中國 : 最大漁政船到南海專屬經濟區 美軍 : 海上監測船是“間諜船”

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國際海洋法

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  1. 國際海洋法 Law of the Sea

  2. High Seas (p. 607) • 公海自由 • Right of Hot Pursuit (p. 619) • Continental Shelf (p. 622) • > 200 nautical miles • International Seabed Authority (1994, Jamaica)

  3. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) • 200 nautical miles • 2009 南海對峙事件 • 中國:最大漁政船到南海專屬經濟區 • 美軍: 海上監測船是“間諜船” • 美國:監測船無瑕號(Impeccable ) • 美軍的理由是: 儘管這片海域屬於中國的專屬經濟區範圍之內，但其擁有在沿海國“專屬經濟區”內“自由通過”和“無害通過”的權利

  4. International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) • Hamburg, Germany • 21 judges; judges ad hoc 專案法官 • 15 cases

  5. Jurisdiction 管轄 • Basic Principles (p. 661) • Territorial Principle • Nationality Principle • Passive Nationality Principle • Protective Principle • Universal Principle

  6. Universal Jurisdiction (p. 671) • Piracy • War Crime • The International Military Tribunal for the Far East • Tokyo Trial • 4 Geneva Conventions • International Humanitarian Law (in war) • International Human Rights Law • Treaty-based (e.g. hijacking, Torture)

  7. Matters within the domestic jurisdiction (p. 679) • Advisory opinion on Nationality Decrees Issued in Tunis and Morocco, PCIJ • France & UK • UN Charter, Art. 2(7): Nothing … shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state …

  8. Immunity 管轄的豁免 • Absolute immunity v. Limited immunity • The Schooner Exchange v. Mc’Faddon (p. 685) • French public armed ship • US: no jurisdiction • Tate Letter • Foreign Sovereign Immunity Act, FSIA • Exceptions • Commercial activities • Non-commercial tort

  9. Political Assassination • 江南案: 劉宜良（江南） • Liu v. Republic of China (9th Cir. 1989) • Tort (scope of employment) • Skeen v. Brazil (p. 691) • Foreign troops (p. 721)

  10. Saudi Arabia v. Nelson, US Supreme Court, 1993 • FSIA • Sovereign – immunity (Ct has not jurisdiction) • Exception: commercial activity • Facts: • Kingdom of Saudi Arabia • King Faisal Specialist Hospital • Royspec Purchasing Services (purchasing agent) • Hospital Corp. of America (HCA) • Scott Nelson

  11. HCA – advertisement • Contract with Hospital • Discovered safety deficits; reported • Arrested; tortured • Issues: • District Ct: lack of jurisdiction • Court of Appeals: a commercial activity – detention & torture: based upon recruitment

  12. “Based upon” a commercial activity • What is a commercial activity? • Weltover • Facts: Argentina, Bond market • “In the manner of” a private party • Purpose? (reason; motivation) • Nature? (outward form of conduct) • exercise of police power, penal officer • Nelson; amicus – retaliation • Ct: NOT a commercial activity, no jurisdiction

  13. State Responsibility 國家責任 • Original; Vicarious responsibility • 2001 International Law Commission, ILA • Drat Articles on Responsibility of States for International Wrongful Acts (p. 734) • Attribution; immutability • Yeager Case • Caire Case • Iran-United States Claims Tribunal 伊朗-美國索賠法庭 • 1979: 52 US hostages; freeze Iranian assets • The Hague

  14. Consequences • Reparation • Restitution • Indemnity; compensation • Treatment of Aliens (p. 745) • Refusal of entry • National treatment v. international standards (p. 748) • Calvo Clause (p. 750)

  15. Expropriation (p. 752) • Take over • Interruption • Public purpose • US: prompt, adequate, effective (p. 756) • US: just compensation: fair market value • UN: appropriate compensation • ICSID

  16. US Secretary of State, Hull v. Mexican Minister of Foreign Affairs • Lump sum settlement • International Claim (p. 761) • Nationality: genuine link • Corporation: Barcelona Traction • Rule of exhaustion of local remedies • Denial of justice

  17. 國家對外關係的機關 • Head of State/Government • Minister of Foreign Affairs/Secretary of State • 經濟部經貿代表談判辦公室/United States Trade Representative • Ambassador: His/Her Excellency • Diplomatic Corps • Embassy/Representative Office

  18. Consuls (not depends on diplomatic relations) • 亞東關係協會/交流協會 • 北美事務協調委員會/美國在台協會 (American Institute in Taiwan, AIT) • 1994/10:「駐美國辦事處」更名為「台北經濟文化代表處」(Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office, TECRO ) • 香港: 中華旅行社 – 香港事務局 (行政院大陸委員會)

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