LIFE IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT

1. LIFE IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT Chapters 5, 6, 7, and 8

2. Kingdoms ___________ Archaebacteria eubacteria

3. Chapter 5: Microbial World, Seeweeds and Plants • First in our survey of life in ocean • Devoted to marine microorganisms • Most abundant • Live everywhere in the ocean • From the deepest trenches • To the highest tide pools

4. Prokaryotes: Bacteria • Members of the domains Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic • Cells lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

5. Prokaryotes: Bacteria • Differences: • Chemistry of cell walls and plasma membranes • Cellular machinery that manufactures proteins

6. Prokaryotes: Bacteria • Symbiotic bacteria • Digests wood ingested by shipworms (Teredo),

7. Prokaryotes: Bacteria Symbiotic bacteria • Shipworms • Are bivalve molluscs, not worms • Lack cellulase – enzyme that breaks down cellulose, main component of wood

8. Prokaryotes: Bacteria Symbiotic bacteria • Bioluminescence • To communicate with other members of their species • Lure prey • Blend with the light that filters from the surface

9. Prokaryotes: Bacteria Symbiotic bacteria • Bioluminescence

10. Prokaryotes: Bacteria ALIEN? • Macropinnamicrostoma: A deep-sea fish with a transparent head and tubular eyes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RM9o4VnfHJU&edufilter=DQBPVNZ5nlfNZmzO0OgIrQ

11. Prokaryotes: Bacteria Symbiotic bacteria • Chemosynthetic • bacteria is symbiotic with mussels, clams, and tube worms that live around deep-sea hydrothermal vents • Manufacture organic matter from CO2 and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from the vents. • Symbiotic bacteria live in a special organof tube worm Riftia

12. Prokaryotes: Bacteria Symbiotic bacteria • Chemosynthetic bacteria is symbiotic with mussels, clams, and tube worms that live around deep-sea hydrothermal vents

13. Prokaryotes: Bacteria Symbiotic bacteria http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YGv2QxmaRI0&edufilter=DQBPVNZ5nlfNZmzO0OgIrQ Japanese pufferfish

14. Prokaryotes: Bacteria Symbiotic bacteria • Japanese pufferfish • Delicacy in Japan; “fugu” • Store toxins http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/animals/fish-animals/spiny-rayed-fish/pufferfish/ • Toxins produced by symbiotic bacteria not the fish • Fish immune to toxins • Toxins deadly to predators (or humans) who eat the fish.

15. Prokaryotes: Bacteria Autotrophic bacteria Make their own food • Photosynthetic • Chemosynthetic

16. Prokaryotes: Bacteria Autotrophic bacteria Make their own food • Photosynthetic • Contain chlorophyll or other photosynthetic pigments to capture sunlight to make food (like seaweeds and plants)

17. Prokaryotes: Bacteria Cyanobacteria • Once known as blue-green algae • Photosynthetic • Pigments • Chlorophyll – green • Phycocyanin – bluish • Phycoerythrin– reddish • Carry out nitrogen fixation • Converting gaseous nitrogen (N2) into other nitrogen compounds that can be used by other primary producers

18. Bacteria:Cyanobacteria Stromatolites, calcareous mounds deposited by cyanobacteria are frequently found as fossils. These, however, are living stromatolites growing in shallow water in the Exuma Cays, Bahama Islands.

19. Prokaryotes: Bacteria BACTERIA Invisible to the eye but powerful giants when it comes to their role in the environment

20. Kingdom ___________ Protista Animal-like Plant-like

21. Unicellular Algae • Diatoms • Dinoflagellates

22. Unicellular Algae Diatoms • Unicellular • Live as plankton • Cell walls made of silica (SiO2), glass-like material • Used in products: filters for swimming pools, temperature and sound insulators, abrasives in toothpaste • Primary producers in open water

23. Unicellular Algae Dinoflagellates • Planktonic, unicellular organisms. • Two flagella • One wrapped around a groove along the middle of the cell • One trailing free • Have a cell wall that is armored • Mostly autotrophs, some heterotrophic • Some bioluminescent

24. Protozoans Animal-like protists • Foraminiferans • Radiolarians • Ciliates

25. Protozoans Foraminiferans • Shell made of calcium carbonate • Most benthic • Some planktonic • Shells important components of marine sediment • Pseudopodia (extensions of cytoplasm) for movement http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f5cetm-fj3Y&edufilter=DQBPVNZ5nlfNZmzO0OgIrQ

26. Protozoans Radiolarians • Shells made primarily of silica (glass) • Sediments cover large area of ocean floor.

27. Protozoans Ciliates • Have many hair-like cilia used in locomotion and feeding. • Most familiar – paramecium http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGpudS9IjHg&edufilter=DQBPVNZ5nlfNZmzO0OgIrQ

28. The Multicellular Algae: Seaweeds General Structure: seaweed vs land plant

29. The Multicellular Algae: Seaweeds General Structure: seaweed vs land plant • Thallus- name for entire structure • Blades – photosynthetic region ofthallus; leaf-like, but lacks veins • Pneumatocysts– gas filled bladders; keeps blades close to surface • Stipe – stem-like structure from which blade orginates • Holdfast – anchors thallus to bottom

30. The Multicellular Algae: Seaweeds General Structure: seaweed vs land plant

31. The Multicellular Algae: Seaweeds Types of Seaweed • Green algae/Chlorophyta • Largely unicellular • Non-marine; freshwater habitat • Bright-green due to large amounts of chlorophyll; also contains carotenoid pigments (yellow-brown)

32. The Multicellular Algae: Seaweeds Types of Seaweed • Green algae • Brown algae • Red algae

33. The Multicellular Algae: Seaweeds Types of Seaweed • Brown algae • Includes largest and most structurally complex seaweeds • Chlorophyll found together with carotenoids

34. The Multicellular Algae: Seaweeds Types of Seaweed • Red algae • Largest group • Chlorophyll masked by red pigment; also contains carotenoids

35. The Multicellular Algae: Seaweeds Economic Importance FOOD Have you had algae for dinner? Algin Carrageenan Beta carotene

36. Cheese (yellow and orange)

37. The Multicellular Algae: Seaweeds If you have used any of those products, You have likely eaten ALGAE

38. Kingdom ___________ Plantae

39. Flowering Plants Almost all flowering plants or angiosperms live on land EXCEPT three groups: • Seagrasses • Salt-Marsh plants • Mangroves

40. Flowering Plants Seagrasses • Truly marine • Rarely exposed to air

41. Flowering Plants Salt-marsh plants • Land plant • Salt tolerant • Grow soft-bottom coastal regions

42. Flowering Plants Mangroves • Land plant • Salt tolerant • Grow along shore

43. Flowering Plants Reproduction • Involves a dominant sporophyte • Features an elaborate reproductive organ, the flower.