WOMEN’S ORGANIZED CHALLENGES TO REPRESSION

1. WOMEN’S ORGANIZED CHALLENGES TO REPRESSION CHILE & ARGENTINA

2. CHILE • DEMOCRATIC TRADITION; MULTIPLE POLITICAL PARTIES • 1958 ELECTIONS: ALESSANDRI VS. ALLENDE • 1964 ELECTIONS: FREI VS ALLENDE • 1970 ELECTIONS: ALLENDE VS. ALESSANDRI • ALLENDE – UP (UNIDAD POPULAR

3. SALVADOR ALLENDE • POPULIST • NATIONALIST • NATIONALIZATIONS • LAND REFORM • NATIONALIZED U.S. COPPER COMPANIES • DESPITE RADICAL REFORMS, WOMEN WERE STILL VIEWED IN TRADITIONAL ROLES • WOMEN BLAMED ALLENDE FOR SHORTAGES OF GOODS • WOMEN DEMANDED AN END TO THE MARXIST GOVERNMENT

4. THE 1ST 9-11 • SEPEMBER 11, 1973 MILITARY COUP • BACKED BY U.S. CIA • DEMOCRATICALLY ELECTED • SALVADOR ALLENDE KILLED • PHASE I • 1973-90 AUGUSTO PINOCHET • STATE OF SEIGE • DISAPPEARED & MURDERED • 3000, ARRESTED 40,000

5. MOST BRUTAL DICTATORSHIP IN LATIN AMERICA • MANY WOMEN WERE DISAPPEARED, TORTURED, & KILLED • VILLA GRIMALDE • NATIONAL STADIUM • PINOCHET’S WIFE IN CHARGE OF WOMEN’S PROGRAMS • COMMUNITY KITCHENS • WOMEN 1ST TO GO INTO STREETS TO DEMAND JUSTICE

6. ARPILLERAS

7. 1974 A SMALL GROUP OF WOMEN WHOSE CHILDREN WERE DISAPPEARED BEGAN TO MAKE ARPILLERAS (TAPESTRIES) • VICARIAT OF SOLIDARITY PROVIDED FABRIC SCRAPS • TAPESTRIES ILLUSTRATED & DENOUNCED HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES

12. ARPILLERAS DREW INTERNATIONAL ATTENTION • THROUGH THEIR ARPILLERAS, WOMEN FOUND THEIR POLITICAL VOICES & USED THEM AS A FORM OF POLITICAL POWER • VIOLETA MORALES: “I MADE MY ARPILLERAS BECAUSE I HAVE A DOUBLE CRIME TO DENOUNCE, THE KIDNAPPING OF BOTH MY SON & MY BROTHER. I JOINED THE WORKSHOP TO CONTINUE FIGHTING & SO THAT THE TRUTH CAN BE KNOWN BECAUSE MY WOUNDS ARE STILL OPEN”

13. 1978 AMNESTY LAW • ABSOLVED ALL MEMBERS OF THE ARMED FORCES • AT THE TIME DEATH SQUADS, KNOWN AS THE “CARAVAN OF DEATH” APPEARED • 1980s DISCOVER MASS GRAVES • THE MILITARY & JUDICIARY DENIED THE REPRESSION, TORTURE, MURDERS • IMPUNITY REIGNED, THE MILITARY DENIED RIGHT TO HABEAS CORPUS

14. 1988 PLEBICITE • TO EXTEND PINOCHET’S RULE • PINOCHET LOST • WOMEN WERE ACTIVE ON BOTH SIDES OF THE CAMPAIGN

15. PHASE II • 1990-94 AYLWIN: RETURN TO DEMOCRACY • PERIOD OF ABSOLUTE SILENCE • PINOCHET REMAINED COMMANDER IN CHIEF OF THE ARMED FORCES • 1998 HE RETIRED, BECAME SENATOR FOR LIFE, GIVING HIM IMMUNITY

16. PINOCHET & IMPUNITY • GLADYS MARIN WAS THE 1ST TO FILE A COMPLAINT AGAINST PINOCHET FOR THE DISAPPEARANCE OF HER HUSBAND • “AFTER YEARS OF PRESENTING HABEAS CORPUS PETITIONS TO THE COURTS, I WANTED TO ENCOURAGE PEOPLE TO LOSE THEIR FEAR OF CHALLENGING HIM DIRECTLY”

17. GLADYS MARIN • SHE WAS A MEMBER OF THE COMMUNIST PARY • ELECTED TO CONGRESS, WAS STILL SERVING WHEN ALLENDE WAS OVERTHROWN • SHE FLED THE COUNTRY, LEAVING HER HUSBAND & CHILDREN BEHIND • SHE RISKED HER LIFE TO RETURN TO CHILE • 1998 FILED CHARGES AGAINST PINOCHET • POOR WOMEN IDENTIFIED WITH HER

18. SHE WAS THE 1ST WOMAN TO RUN FOR PRESIDENT IN CHILE • SHE DIED OF CANCER IN 2005 • BECAUSE SHE PRESSED CHARGES AGAINST PINOCHET OTHERS SOON FOLLOWED SUIT

19. PHASE III • 1991 AYLWIN’S TRUTH & RECONCILIATION COMMISSION • DOCUMENTED THE ATROCITIES & DREW WORLD ATTENTION • 1995 GEN. CONTRERAS, HEAD OF MILITARY INTELLIGENCE WAS HELD RESPONSIBLE FOR CAR BOMB MURDER OF CHILEAN DISSIDENT ORLANDO LETELIER & U.S. ASSISTANT IN WASHINGTON D.C. • YET PINOCHET WAS NOT TOUCHED

20. PINOCHET’S ARREST • 1998 PINOCHET WAS ARRESTED IN LONDON • BEGAN APPLYING INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAWS • IN 1999 DIALOGUE BETWEEN THE AFDD & MILITARY • 2000 PINOCHET WAS EXTRADITED & RETURNED TO CHILE

21. 2000 JUDGE GUZMAN REQUIRED HIS IMMUNITY TO BE LIFTED • 2001 PINOCHET INDICTED, UNDER HOUSE ARREST • RELEASED DUE TO SENILITY • 2004 IMMUNITY LIFTED AGAIN • PINOCHET DIED LAST YEAR

22. RECENT EVENTS IN CHILE • 1994-2000 FREI • 2000-2006 LAGOS • 2006-PRESENT MICHELLE BACHELET • 1ST WOMAN PRESIDENT • FATHER WAS TORTURED • SHE & MOTHER TORTURED AT VILLA GRIMALDI • 2002 BECAME DEFENSE MINISTER

23. 30 YEAR ANNIVERSARY OF THE COUP • THE NEWS MEDIA FINALLY FLOODED CHILEAN AIRWAVES WITH IMAGES OF THE COUP FOR THE FIRST TIME • TODAY: “WHITE-OUT EFFECT” – RAPIDLY CHANGING IMAGES, FREQUENT CUTS THAT MOVE ON TO THE NEXT POLISHED SOUND BITE“ • MARKET-ORIENTED AESTHETICS OF THE TV INDUSTRY CENSORS REPRESENTATIONS OF THE PAST

24. 1970s: IMAGES APPEAR EXTREMELY SLOW, DENSE, ALIENATING • BLACK & WHITE, FUZZY, IMAGES • LACK OF NATIONAL MEMORY—THE DISTANCING OF VIEWERS FROM THE IMAGES ROBBED THEM OF THEIR ORIGINAL EFFICACY • THE SILENCE OF THE DICTATORSHIP IS MIRRORED IN TODAY’S IMAGES, EMPTYING PUBLIC SPACE OF POLITICAL DEBATE

25. RECENT EVENTS IN ARGENTINA • 1984-89 ALFONSIN • PROPOSED LAWS TO ABORT TRIALS OF MILITARY • STOP & DUE OBEDIENCE LAWS GRANTED IMPUNITY • CONADEP PUBLISHED “NUNCA MAS” • ARGENTINA WAS THE 1ST COUNTRY TO TRY ITS OWN MILITARY FOR WAR CRIMES

26. 1990 MENEM: PARDONED & FREED THOSE CONVICTED • TRIALS FOR KIDNAPPING CHILDREN OF THE DISAPPEARED WERE NOT COVERED BY AMNESTY LAWS • MARIA SERVINI, A JUDGE INVESTIGATING BABY TRAFFICKING • HER CAR WAS FORCED OFF THE ROAD IN 1999

27. JUDGES BEGAN ORDERING DETENTION OF MILITARY OFFICIALS • 1998 JUDGE BAGNASCO ORDERED ARRESTS OF JORGE VIDELA & EMILIO MASSERA • 4 MILITARY UPRISINGS 1987-90

28. HIJOS • ENTER MIDDLE CLASS NEIGHBORHOODS, LEAVE SIGNS: “ATTENTION NEIGHBORS! THERE’S AN ASSASSIN LIVING NEXT DOOR” • FLYERS, MARK ASSASINS HOMES • CHALLENGE THE IMPUNITY THAT PERMEATES SOCIETY

29. DECEMBER, 2001 • ARGENTINA’S ECONOMY COLLAPSED • 5 PRESIDENTS IN 2 WEEKS • MAY 2003 NESTOR KIRCHNER • CHALLENGED PREDECESSORS WHO INSISTED ON AMNESTY

30. OCTOBER 28, 2007 • FIRST LADY CRISTINA FERNÁNDEZ DE KIRCHNER BECAME PRESIDENT OF ARGENTINA “HER HIGHLY COMBATIVE SPEECH STYLE POLARIZES ARGENTINE POLITICS (RECALLING THE STYLE OF EVA PERÓN) BUT SEEMS TO BE APPRECIATED BY A LARGE PART OF SOCIETY, NOTABLY AMONG LOWER-INCOME CITIZENS.”

31. THINK ABOUT WHAT ARGENTINA & CHILE SHARE IN COMMON, HOW THEY DIFFER