The Mexican Revolution

1. The Mexican Revolution By: Kassandra Martinez

2. 1876 Porfirio Diaz becomes president of México, and is the dictator for the next 35 years (The mexicanRevolution:A Nation in Flux). “The relatively few mines in operation in 1876 were exploited haphazardly, and extraction and smelting techniques were archaic” (“Mexico - The Porfiriato, 1876-1910”).

3. 1910 “In July 1910, in a crudely rigged election, he had defeated Madero…” (The Mexican Revolution: A Nation in Flux). “In 1910, Zapata quickly took an important role, becoming the general of an army that formed in Morelos- the EjercitoLibertador del Sur ( Liberation Army of the South)” ( McNeely, 1). “Madero crossed into the united states and published his Plan de San Luis Potosi, Which denounced as a fraud and called for a rising on November 20” (TheMexican Revolution: A Nation in Flux).

4. 1911 • “On May 24, 1911, Diaz resigned and sailed into exile…” (The Mexican Revolution: A Nation in Flux). • “…Madero overthrew Diaz in May 1911 in the battle at Ciudad Juarez. Under Madero, some new land reforms were carried out, but not enough to please Zapata” (McNeely, 1). • “Madero and Zapata’s relations worsened during the summer of 1911 as Madero appointed a governor who supported plantation owners and refused to meet Zapata’s land distribution goals… Madero appointed himself President, and Zapata fled to the mountains of southwest Puebla. There he formed the most radical reform plan in Mexico: the Plan de Ayala, which called for violent resistance to Madero and immediate return of land to peasants of Mexico” (McNeely, 1). • The Battle of Cuautla was a brutal affair, fought out in the streets for six days…made Zapata famous…” (Minster, 1).

5. 1912 “In March 1912 Pascual Orozco went into rebellion…” ( The Mexican Revolution: A Nation in flux). “Madero attempted to come to an agreement with Zapata, but he believed too strongly in the right of private property…Zapata revolted against Madero… conservatives felt that Madero had been too reluctant in going to war against Zapata, whose strength grew rapidly…” (O’malley,1).

6. 1913 • “In February 1913 Huerta staged a fake 10-day artillery duel with a fake rival, Felix Diaz, nephew of the old dictator” (The Mexican Revolution: A Nation in Flux). • “Madero was deposed on the 18th and four days later he and his vice- president, Jose Pino Suarez, were shot to death after being removed from their jail cells” ( The Mexican Revolution: A Nation in Flux). • “By the end of January 1913 Madero had lost support from the revolutionaries and also from the elites” ( The Mexican Revolution Begins). • “From 1913-1914 Mexico was deep in bloody fighting” ( The Mexican Revolution Begins). • “The Constitutionalists gathered momentum for their assault on Matamoros in April 1913” (The Mexican Revolution: Conflict in Matamoros). • “After Madero’s death in 1913, and the rise of General Huerta to power, Zapata supported Huerta’s opponent, Venustiano Carranza” (McNeely, 2).

7. 1914 • “In 1914 Huerta is forced to France and Venustiano Carranza takes temporary power” (The Mexican Revolution Begins). • “The factional warfare that began in 1914 was beset by corruption, greed, personal ambition, and treachery which often obscured or superceded or the political principles at stake. Growing cynicism about the revolution, or at least its post-1914 stage, intensified the idealization of Madero that had began when he was assassinated” (O’malley). • “In April 1914, nine American soldiers were arrested for allegedly entering a prohibited zone in Tampico” (The Tampico Affair and the Speech form Woodrow Wilson to the American People).

8. 1915 “By April 1915 World War I had been raging for six months. Though Obregon was without formal military training, he studied the trench warfare tactics of the Western Front and used them to defeat Villa in two crucial battles at Celaya, Guanajuato…by the end of 1915 Villa was reduced to pretty much what he’d been at the outset of the revolution: a marauder prowling the Chihuahua sierra” (The Mexican Revolution: A Nation in Flux). “The Carranza- Obregon Forces, which now controlled most of Mexico, received a big boost when the United States extended de facto recognition to Carranza on October 19, 1915” (The Mexican Revolution: A Nation in Flux).

9. 1916 “This infuriated Villa, who had always been friendly to the U.S., and led to his March 1916 raid on Columbus, New Mexico” (The Mexican Revolution; A Nation in Flux). “In 1916 this was ground zero, target of a cross-border raid by Pancho Villa that killed 18 Americans, enraged the nation and almost started a war with Mexico” (Once A Terrorist, Now Celebrated).

10. 1917 “Carranza, who had been ruling provisionally… officially became president on March 11, 1917, in an election in which he won 797,305 votes against the 11,615 garnered by his closest rival” (The Mexican Revolution: A Nation in Flux). “… on February 5, the Constitution of 1917 was adopted” (The Mexican Revolution: A Nation in Flux). “The new Constitution on 1917 promised major changes to land ownership and Zapata was hopeful” (McNeely, 2).

11. 1918 “While taking the land from the campesinos of Morelos and wrecking their villages, President Carranza talks about agrarian reform” (The New Bourgeoisie is Born Lying, 468). “While applying state terror against the poor, he grants them the right to vote for the rich and offers illiterates freedom of the press” (The New Bourgeoisie is Born Lying, 468).

12. 1919 “Although government forces could never completely defeat Zapata in battle , in 1919, he fell victim to a carefully staged ambush two generals who were supporters of the Mexican president, Venustiano Carranza” (McNeely, 2). “Zapata was slain April 10, 1919, being led into a trap by Col. Jesus Guajardo, a federal officer who set up the ambush by pretending to defect to the Zapatistas.” ( The Mexican Revolution: A Nation in Flux). “Obregon had gone into temporary retirement… on June 1, 1919, he declared his candidacy for the June 1920 presidential election” (The Mexican Revolution: A Nation in Flux). “In the fall of 1919 Carranza announced that he would be supporting Ignacio Bonillas, then Mexican ambassador in Washington” (The Mexican Revolution: A Nation in Flux).

13. 1920 “Obregon, fearing that he was about to be arrested, fled Mexico City and took refuge in Chilpancingo… On April 20 he announced that he was giving up the presidential campaign and would take arms against Carranza” (The Mexican Revolution: A Nation in Flux). “Carranza and his corrupt followers loaded up an eight-car ‘Golden Train’…On May 20, in a hut near the Puebla village of Tlaxcalantongo, he was treacherously murdered in his sleep…Huerrero had previously welcomed Carranza and promised him refuge” (The Mexican Revolution: A Nation in Flux). “On June 1 Governor Adolfo de la Huerta of Sonora was installed by Congress as interim president… In the regular election, held October 26, 1920, Obregon defeated Alfredo Robles Dominguez…midnight of November 30, Alvaro Obregon raised his remaining and took the oath of office” (The Mexican Revolution: A Nation in Flux). “Plan de Agua Prieta” (Tome).

14. 1921 “In September of 1921, the government of Alvaro Obregón organized a lavish commemoration of the centennial of Agustín de Iturbide's ouster of Spanish authority and the creation of Mexico” (Gonzales). Mexico was in Major debt.

15. 1922 Father Rosales, Priest in Morelos, 1922 wrote how he did not like the Constitution of 1917 because Priest could no longer own property, the governor was the one to decide how many priest there was, and they did not have the power any more ( From Father Rosales, Priest in Morelos, 1922).

16. 1923 Juan Manual Flores, Railroad Operator, 1923 says that many railroads got destroyed, there is no money to rebuilt them, and Mexico has to repay $1 billon to foreign countries (From Juan Manual Flores, Railroad Operator, 1923). Martha Fernanda Guajardo, teacher, 1923 says that parents were upset because there is no religion in schools and thanks to Obregon she received a training to teach in schools (From Martha Fernanda Guajardo, teacher, 1923). Alvaro Obregon, President of Mexico, 1923 said he wanted to built many schools so that the kids could have a better education (From Alvaro Obregon, President of Mexico, 1923).

17. 1924 Maria Echevaria, Peasant, 1924 says that many peasants did not received the land they were promised and that the revolution is not over (From Maria Echevaria, Peasant, 1924). Juan Pablo Orozco, History Professor, 1924 says that teachers and the government are uniting the Indians with the rest of the culture because they have been a part of up to (From Juan Pablo Orozco, HistoryProfessor, 1924).

18. 1925 One of the first banks were built in 1925 and it was called Banco de Mexico.

19. 1926 • “In 1926 the archbishop of Mexico City, Jose Mora y del Rio, made public his view that Roman Catholics could not follow the religious provisions of the constitution of 1917” (Library of Congress Country Studies). • “The church reacted by going on strike on July 31, 1926, and during the three years that followed, no sacraments were administered” (Library of Congress Country Studies). • “In June 1926, the Calles Law was very specific. Priests were fined $500 pesos for wearing clerical garb and could be imprisoned five years” (Tome).

20. 1927 Cristero Rebellion- Catholics wanted to get the church’s rights back (Tome).

21. 1928 “But Cardenas always preferred to be known for civil rather than military achievements. In 1928 he became governor of Michoacán” (Mr. Clean: the phenomenon of Lazaro Cardenas). “Beginning with the 1928 election, the presidential term was increased from four to six years (sexenio)… Obregon won the election but was assassinated by a religious fanatic before taking office on July 17, 1928” (Library of Congress Country Studies).

22. 1929 “By 1929 the revolt had been largely contained, and the Cristeros were compelled to lay down their arms and accept most of the government’s terms” (Library of Congress Country Studies). “By 1929 Calles’s political machine had found institutional expression as the National Revolutionary Party…” (Library of Congress Country Studies). “In the special election of 1929, called to select a figurehead to serve out the remaining four years of Obregon’s term, Calles chose Pascual Ortiz Rubio as the PNR candidate” (Library of Congress Country Studies). June 27, 1929 churches reopen (Tome).

23. 1930 “By the early 1930s, the government was persecuting the Mexican Communist Party and allowing fascist organizations to terrorize Mexico’s small Jewish population” (Library of Congress Country Studies).

24. 1931 “We can glean a reflection of these lacerations in the meeting of the cardinals on 20 December 1931, where Boggiani and Gasparri faced one another once again” (“Mexico, 1931: The Vatican and the "just War"“).

25. 1932 “In 1932, Cardenas had been a general, a cabinet minister and state governor. Appointed to command the military zone of Puebla, he had to borrow money to move his household goods to the area” (Mr. Clean: the phenomenon of Lazaro Cardenas). “Having demonstrated excessive independence from Calles once in office, the president was summarily removed by the ‘supreme leader’ in September 1932 and replaced with a more compliant figure, Abelardo Rodriguez” (Library of Congress Country Studies).

26. 1933 “In December 1933 Mexico’s ruling party held a convention at Queretaro… In addition to naming Cardenas as its candidate, the PNR announced a Six Year Plan of political and social reform…the Plan’s principal features called for 1) restoration of the system of ejidos…2) modern secular schools that would teach rationalist doctrines and combat the ‘fanaticism’ of the church; 3) workers’ cooperatives to oppose the excesses of industrial capitalism” (Mr. Clean: the phenomenon of Lazaro Cardenas).

27. 1934 “As the election for the 1934-40 presidential sexenio approached, Calles came under increasing pressure from the left wing of the PNR to pursue with more vigor the social welfare provisions of the constitution of 1917” ( Library of Congress Country Studies). “In 1934, at age 39, Cardenas became one of Mexico’s youngest presidents” (Mr. Clean: the phenomenon of Lazaro Cardenas).

28. 1935 “Created Ejido credit Bank to help poor farmers get the money for seeds/ equipment” (Tome).

29. 1936 “Cardenas hit back in dramatic fashion. On April 9, 1936, he ordered that Calles and twenty of his top henchmen be rounder up and deported to the United States” (Mr. Clean: the phenomenon of Lazaro Cardenas).

30. 1937 The oil workers had a strike.

31. 1938 “On March 18, 1938, Mexico expropriated the assets of seventeen foreign oil companies that had been doing business in the country” (Mr. Clean: the phenomenon of Lazaro Cardenas). “Cardenas orders the nationalizing of oil into petroleosMexicanos (PEMEX)” (Tome).

32. 1939 “Although by 1939 the Mexican anarchist movement was in decline, many Spanish anarchists fled to Mexico at the end of the Spanish Civil War, joining with their Mexican comrades to continue the struggle for land and liberty” ("Robert Graham's Anarchism Weblog.“)

33. 1940 “Cárdenas's nomination of Manuel Ávila Camacho, a relatively unknown career military officer, as the PRM candidate for the presidency in 1940 surprised many Mexicans “ ("Mexico - From Revolution to Governance, 1940-82.“)

34. Work Sited • Gonzales, Michael J. JSTOR. Web. 01 Apr. 2012. <http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.1525/msem.2009.25.2.247?u id=3739920>. • "Mexico - From Revolution to Governance, 1940-82." Country Studies. Web. 01 Apr. 2012. <http://countrystudies.us/mexico/35.htm>. • "Mexico - The Porfiriato, 1876-1910." Country Studies. Web. 31 Mar. 2012. <http://countrystudies.us/mexico/23.htm>. • "Mexico, 1931: The Vatican and the "just War"" - Vatican Insider. Web. 01 Apr. 2012. <http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/en/homepage/world- news/detail/articolo/messico-mexico-mexico-vaticano-vatican- 10900/>. • "Robert Graham's Anarchism Weblog." Robert Graham's Anarchism Weblog. Web. 01 Apr. 2012. <http://robertgraham.wordpress.com/2009/04/25/mexico-1939- anarchist-federation-of-the-centre/>.