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Science and Technology HUM 101

Science and Technology HUM 101. International University of Sarajevo Academic year 2013/2014. Why Greco-Roman civilization declined?. Reasons. Scientific, Ideological, Political, Military, Social, Religious…. Islamic civilization?. When and where. Islamic civilization.

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Science and Technology HUM 101

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  1. Science and TechnologyHUM 101 International University of Sarajevo Academic year 2013/2014

  2. Why Greco-Roman civilization declined?

  3. Reasons • Scientific, • Ideological, • Political, • Military, • Social, • Religious….

  4. Islamic civilization?

  5. When and where

  6. Islamic civilization • Who and where: Movement of prophet Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE marked beginning of new civilization (Hidzra), • What: Within three decades Muslim armies spread their influence in Arabia, Egypt and Mesopotamia replacing Persian empire and reducing Byzantine empire. In slightly more than a century it established kind of Islamic commonwealth from Portugal to central Asia, • What: Its scientific culture flourished for at least five centuries. It preserved, refined and improved all the knowledge left by the scholars from other ancient civilizations from Greece, India, Persia, China.

  7. Why it has been considered as great civilization?

  8. Education, research, innovation, • Translation movement, • Arabic became international language of civilization and science, • Mass production of paper, • Spreading of schools, hospitals, observation sites, libraries, • Rulers encouraged useful knowledge along with natural philosophy, patronage of higher learning…

  9. ”I found there many rooms filled with books which were arranged in cases, row upon row. One room was allotted to works on Arabic philology and poetry, another to jurisprudence and so forth, the books on each particular science having a room for themselves. I inspected the catalogue of ancient Greek authors and looked for the books which I required; I saw in this collection books on which few people have heard even the names, and which I myself have never seen either before or since.”

  10. Translation movement • Al-Ma’mun / House of Wisdom from 832CE established as a center for translation and master of foreign sciences. As a result more works of Aristotle and his Greek commentators are available in Arabic than any European language, • IshaqibnHunayntranslated 150 works of Galen and Hippocrates in the area of medicine. While Europe possessed three works of Galen, Muslim world had more than hundred. Ptolemey’s Almagest appeared in several translations in Bagdad in early ninth century, Aristotle became intellectual godfather of Islamic theoretical science with many commentators and critical observers.

  11. Islamic scientists?

  12. Names • Muhammad al-Fazari, developed Astrolabe in 8th century, • Muhammad ibnZakeria al Razi (854-925), father of Islamic medicine, applied surgery, invented hundreds of surgery instruments, some of which are still in use, • IbnSina (980-1037), Galen of Islam, wrote Canon on Medicine…., • IbnRushd, Averros (1126-1198), “commentator” of Aristotle, • Al Khwarizimiintroduced Arabic numerals from India and wrote manual of practical math the al-Jabr or what came to be known in the West as the Algebra, • IbnKhaldun (1332-1406), founder of modern sociology, Al Mukadema, Introduction to the History of the World,

  13. Names • Majusi– Haly Abbas, wrote Complete Book of the Medical Art, • Al Tusi(1274), Al Sirazi(1311) from famous Maraghah school with library. • Ibn al Shatirperfected non Ptolemaic models of planetary system (still geocentric) and tested these against highly accurate observation, • Ulugh Beg (1393-1449) founded madrasa and major observatory (with large instruments with a radius of 40 meters) in Samarkand in 15th century. Through these observatories medieval Islam established a tradition of observational and theoretical astronomy unequaled until the achievements of European science in 16 and 17 centuries, • Ibn Battuta (1304-1368), Marco Polo of Islam….

  14. Daily prayer, • Ramadan, • Taxation, • Inheritance, • Charity….

  15. Developed hospitals all over, • Applied surgery, • Developed human anatomy, • Psychology and psychotherapy, • Expertize ophthalmology, • Alcohol, herbs, medicaments, • Designed surgery instruments….

  16. Chemistry?

  17. Distillation process, • Soap, • Perfume, • Alcohol…..

  18. Educational institutions?

  19. Madrasa, • Library, • Observation site, • Hospital…

  20. New technology serving education • Mass production of paper. Paper factories appeared in Samarkand after 751, in Bagdad in 793, in Cairo around 900 in Morocco 1100 and Spain 1150. Libraries appeared all over.

  21. Islamic architecture?

  22. Islamic conquest correlated largely to irrigated areas, areas with hydraulic intensifications, Greece and Rome were artificial irrigation and less important for Muslim armies, where as Spain had huge development of hydraulic technology during Muslim rule, • It rebuild and enlarged system of irrigation, established new treaties on agriculture, extended growing season, diversified food crops (new agricultural revolution). • Large dams, water reservoirs, water wheels - water rising machine. Rotary motion into liner motion transmitted into water lifting.

  23. Technology • Qanat technology: underground channels with pipes to tap ground water were constructed. Qanats are constructed as a series of well-like vertical shafts, connected by tunnels. Qanats tap into subterranean water in a manner that efficiently delivers large quantities of water to the surface without need for pumping. The water drains by gravity, with the destination lower than the source. Qanat allows water to be transported over long distances in hot dry climates without much loss.

  24. Camera, light through the hole producing outside down image on the opposite wall in darken room in10thcentury, • Al Hazen 965-1040 father of modern optics (Book of Optics), also famous as camera man (Theory of Vision)….

  25. Why Islamic civilization declined?

  26. Why it declined? • Some argue that decline began after 12 century in western lands, some argue that science continued in eastern parts up until 15 century. Golden age around 1000 CE, • Triumph of religious conservatives, different fractures contended over the value of human reason, • More pluralist civilization at initial stage, Muslim rulers were even minority religious groups at that stage. Decline happened when it became more monolithic society, • Military reasons: 1085 - Fall of Toledo, 1248 - Fall of Seville, 1492 - Reconquista completed, 1258 - Mongol armies attacked and captured Bagdad, 1402 - Mongol armies returned and destroyed Damascus, • 1497 Economic decline, less trade opportunities, European sailor infiltration in the Indian ocean, • Ironically when the printing press appeared in 15th century Islamic authorities of the time banned it for the fear of defiling the name of God and to prevent the proliferation of undesirable materials.

  27. Question • Why modern science did not appear in the Islamic world? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J1btMSGeZfA • http://www.youtube.com/user/IslamicGoldenAge • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p6Zql8PeOcE

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