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Chapter 3 . The Conquistadores Spanish soldiers on military expeditions. Hernando Cortes 1485-1547. Cortes’ Route. The Mighty Aztecs.
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Chapter 3 The Conquistadores Spanish soldiers on military expeditions
The Mighty Aztecs The first major American civilization to fall to the Spanish was that of the Aztecs. The Aztecs were a powerful nation that was still growing when the Spaniards appeared at the southern border of the Valley of Mexico. The Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan, was a splendid complex of cities, lakes, and canals that was the powerful center of Mesoamerican civilization.
Aztec spies learned that these men were called Spaniards. The news was immediately taken to Moctezuma II who was the Aztec emperor.
The Spaniards burned their ships and set off on horses to Tenochtitlan. Cortes set out from the Gulf Coast with 400 Spaniards, 16 horses, and several cannons. On his way to Tenochtitlan Cortes persuaded many enemies of the Aztec people to join him as he marched through their lands.
On November 8, 1519 Cortes began to fight with the Aztecs. Cortes took Moctezuma II hostage and tried to control the city of Tenochtitlan.
Moctezuma II told his people to make peace with the Spaniards. The Aztecs felt that Moctezuma was not a brave ruler so the Aztecs elected Cuitlahuac, his brother, as the new ruler. Moctezuma II was pelted with stones for continually begging the Aztecs to make peace with the Spaniards. Moctezuma II fell and the Spaniards carried him back to the palace. Moctezuma died a few days later; it is not known whether he died of his wounds or was killed by the Spaniards, to whom he was no longer of any use.
The new Aztec leader, Cuitlahuac, was an experienced warrior who had always been opposed to the Spaniards. Cortes decided to retreat but during this retreat the Spaniards loss many soldiers. After regrouping and reinforced largely by Aztec enemies, the Spanish returned to Tenochtitlan in 1521.
The Spanish and their allies blockaded the city, denying the Aztecs food and water. An outbreak of small pox further weakened the city’s defenders. Cortes finally pushed his way into the city and burned all of the Aztec buildings so that hardly a trace of the city remained. Chicago, 2007
FYI • Small-pox is extremely contagious; roughly one-third of the population will die from it. Van der Zeijst: ‘This is why we produced another 20 million doses of smallpox vaccines in 2002.’
The Spaniards had won. The Aztec capital was destroyed on August 31, 1521. The final attack of Tenochtitlan was led by the Spaniards who had 400 men with 150,000 native allies. They had returned to destroy Tenochtitlan house by house and built Mexico City on top of the destroyed city.
Background • Empire extended along the Pacific coast and Andean highlands from northern border of modern Ecuador to Maule River in central Chile • Inca originated in village of Paqari-tampu, about 15mi south of Cuzco • Official language: Quecha
Road system strictly controlled by government • Tribes controlled by the Incas were severely taxed and harvest were collected yearly • This caused great resentment toward the Incas • rituals included forms of divination, sacrifice of humans and animals
November 16, 1532: Atahualpa captured by Spaniards, offered gold for his freedom. • Pizarro accepted more than 11-20 tons of gold ($6 million+) baubles, dishes, icons, ornaments, jewelry, & vases, but never released Atahualpa. • July 26, 1533: Atahualpa was killed
Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca(literally meaning cow’s head) • A survivor from Narvaez, traveled with Estavanico to Texas • One of few conquistadors to learn from natives and treat them with respect • These travels encourage de Soto and others to search for the riches of the New World
Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo • Claimed for Spain the Western coast of present day California
Section 2Spanish America • American Empire was ruled by the Council of the Indies • Viceroyalty of Peru (South America) • Viceroyalty of New Spain (Mexico and North America)
Council of the Indies Wrote laws, selected officials and judged Viceroyalty of New Spain Central America, Mexico, US Viceroyalty of Peru South America
These new empires made a tremendous amount of $$$ for Spain • From 1503-1660 • 200 tons of gold • 18,600 tons of silver
3 kinds of settlements • Pueblos- business centers • Missions- to convert the Natives to Catholicism • Presidios-military forts
Bartolome de Las Casas • Had a problem with the encomienda system • The Indians were taxed or enslaved Franciscans tried to lighten the burden on the Indians, but the settlers and government refused to give up the profitable arrangement, and in any case, the friars themselves placed heavy demands on the pueblos to support the missions. Still, some changes brought by the Spanish were beneficial.
To make money off the natives, the Spanish sold them into slavery to work the plantations in the Caribbean • This too was a failure and the deaths of the Natives continued
In 1598 a party led by Juan de Onate came to New Mexico to plant a permanent colony. • Agriculture too proved difficult in the harsh climate. Relations with the Indians soured when the soldiers attempted to collect tribute to the Crown. Spain finally concluded that New Mexico would never be profitable. However, the Pope had charged the Spanish Crown with Christianizing the natives of the New World. • Pope led a revolt against the Spanish that lasted only a short time- Spanish regained control
Pope’- Pueblo uprising • August, 1680, when disputes having arisen between the civil and ecclesiastical authorities, the Indians broke into rebellion, destroyed the missions and the religious archives, and murdered twenty-one of the thirty-three Franciscans as well as several hundred colonists.
El Camino Real “Royal Road” • Was created to connect the Spanish settlements • Too far apart- the settlements were hard to govern or protect • The main goal of Spain was to continue to Christianize the native • Although the wealth of Mexico and South America was not found in this new territory
Colonial Society Peninsulares Spaniards born in Spain Criollos Born in Americas to Spanish Mestizos Born to Spanish and American Indians
Section 3 • Religious and Political Changes in Europe
The Catholic Church in 1500 • The Catholic Church was the most powerful institution in Europe • Mass performed in Latin • in charge of education and held the monopoly on information • held a great deal of property • Corruption in the Church
Luther’s Problems with the Catholic Church • Luther had two major problems with the Catholic church: • Indulgences • Justification • Other problems • communion, • services in Latin, • celibacy among the clergy • Role of Scripture
Henry VIII joins the Protestant movement • Though he and Catherine of Aragon had been married twenty years, Henry’s obsession with creating a male heir made him seek an annulment of his marriage. • Cardinal Wolsey tried to obtain Pope Clement VII’s permission, but was unable. • Henry created the Reformation Parliament in 1529
Henry’s Wives Catherine of Aragon (1509-1533) Anne Boleyn (1533-1536) Jane Seymour (1536-1537) Anne of Cleves (1540) Catherine Howard (1540-1542) Katherine Parr (1543-1547)
Succession • The Act of Succesion (1544) • Henry gave the crown to his only surviving son, Edward • Edward was the first Protestant monarch to rule England. • In the event of a death without children, Edward was to be succeeded Mary, his daughter by his first wife. • If Mary did not have children, she was to be succeeded Elizabeth, his daughter by his second wife, Anne Boleyn. • Finally, if Elizabeth also did not have children, she was to be succeded by the descendants of Henry VIII's deceased sister, Mary Tudor
Queen Mary marries Philip of Spain • While Mary is married to Philip, Elizabeth is placed in the Tower of London • During this time, Spain persecutes the Protestants of the Nation • “Bloody Mary”
Mary I Cont. • Mary hung nearly 100 rebels and arrested Elizabeth. She was imprisoned in the Tower of London. • After she took care of the rebels who plotted against her life, she decided that England should return back to its original religious state – Roman Catholicism. She burned, hung, imprisoned anyone who was deemed a heretic (a person who practiced Protestant faith.) • In all about 275 people died.
Mary I Cont. • Mary died when she was 58 from a ovarian cyst. Before she died, she named Elizabeth as her successor. • Mary had hoped Elizabeth would keep England as a Catholic country, but many others rallied behind Elizabeth to return England to its Protestant state.
Elizabeth I • When Elizabeth was crowned queen, she restored England to its Protestant state. • She did not marry, even though the country wanted her to. There isn’t one reason why she didn’t marry and there is much speculation as to why she didn’t. • During Elizabeth’s reign, the arts flourished among other things. Some call her reign a Golden Age.
Re-Establishing Protestantism • After Elizabeth was named Queen, she re-established the Protestant Church in England. • She herself believed in toleration of all religions. • She was often forced to take a harsher stance on punishment of Catholics because of the schism between the two sects. • ‘There is only one Christ, Jesus, one faith… all else is a dispute over trifles.’
Elizabeth did not have the sea power of Spain but she used “Sea Dogs” like Sir Francis Drake to attack Spanish ships and bring England the riches • The Spanish Armada attacked England • The Armada outnumbered but the English vessels were new so they could fire from a greater distance
The Fall of Spain • The Armada’s defeat was a block to the great empire • The money that poured into Spain caused the prices of goods to rise • The inflation ruined the economy of the nation • The Spanish also became dependent on imported goods and no longer had a favorable balance of trade
