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Are Relational Databases the Only Type of Databases?

Are Relational Databases the Only Type of Databases?. A Brief DB History. Early 1970s Many database systems Incompatible, exposing many implementation details Then Ted Codd came along Relational model Structured Query Language (SQL) Implementation differences became irrelevant

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Are Relational Databases the Only Type of Databases?

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  1. Are Relational Databases the Only Type of Databases?

  2. A Brief DB History • Early 1970s • Many database systems • Incompatible, exposing many implementation details • Then Ted Codd came along • Relational model • Structured Query Language (SQL) • Implementation differences became irrelevant • A few major DB systems dominated the market

  3. Then Web 2.0 & 3.0, Big Data Happen • What do you think happen? • Semi-structured data happen. • A lot of it and in many forms…

  4. Some Facts about Web x.0 and Big Data • Twitter: 255 million monthly active users and 500 million Tweets are sent per day, • Facebook: over 1 billion monthly users and faces 3 million message per 20 minute • Instagram: 200 Million Monthly Active Users and 1.6 Billion Likes and 60 Million Photos shared every day

  5. Database Systems Landscape Nowadays

  6. Somebody, Please, Bring Some Order to This Madness – Cont’d

  7. NoSQL Databases Somebody, Please, Bring Some Order to This Madness – Cont’d

  8. Different Interfaces Different hardware support Different application support Lack of Uniformity Somebody, Please, Bring Some Order to This Madness Source: http://www.infoq.com/articles/State-of-NoSQL

  9. Database Evolution Timeline

  10. Additional Resources • Tutorial by C. Mohan, An In-Depth Look at Modern Database Systems • https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B7lNUaak0bK1encwYnBVUWZSWjA/edit

  11. Key-Value Store • Implemented as an associative array, map, symbol table, or dictionary abstract data type composed of a collection of (key, value) pairs such that each possible key appears at most once in the collection. • A simple put/get interface • Great properties: scalability, availability, reliability

  12. Key-Value Store Usage Scenarios • Increasingly popular within data centers and in P2P amazon.com LinkedIn Facebook Vuze uTorrent P2P Data center Voldemort Dynamo Cassandra Vuze DHT uTorrent DHT

  13. Row Store and Column Store • In row store data are stored in the disk tuple by tuple. • Where in column store data are stored in the disk column by column. • Column-stores are more I/O efficient for read-only queries as they read, only those attributes which are accessed by a query. Source: Column-Oriented Database Systems, VLDB 2009. Tutorial; S. Harizopoulos, D. Abadi, P. Boncz

  14. So column stores are suitable for read-mostly, read-intensive, large data repositories Row Store and Column Store

  15. Graph Databases Ecological Network Social Network Biological Network Chemical Network Web Graph Program Flow

  16. Graph Databases: Query • Find all the restaurants my friends (in Facebook) like

  17. So, What Does CS Curricula Cover? • Undergrad Database Courses • Introduction to Relational Databases • Grad Database Courses • AdvancedRelational Databases in IS&T • Principles of Data Management in CS • Still relational DBMS. • How about the rest of database system types? • Good question… • Where is most of the research activity going on nowadays? • Good question again…

  18. So, Why Do We Emphasize Relational DBs? • Jack Clark, The Register, 30 August 2013: “The tech world is turning back toward SQL, bringing to a close a possibly misspent half-decade in which startups courted developers with promises of infinite scalability and the finest imitation-Google tools available, and companies found themselves exposed to unstable data and poor guarantees.” • Google Spanner paper, October 2012: “We believe it is better to have application programmers deal with performance problems due to overuse of transactions as bottlenecks arise, rather than always coding around the lack of transactions.” • Sean Doherty in Wired, September 2013: “But don’t become unnecessarily distracted by the shiny, new-fangled, NoSQL red buttons just yet. Relational databases may not be hot or sexy but for your important data there is no substitute.”

  19. And, The Key Reason of All • Gartner estimates RDBMS market at $26B with about 9% annual growth, whereas Market Research Media Ltd expects NoSQL market to be at $3.5B by 2018. • Source: C Mohan’s tutorial

  20. Databases make these folks happy ... • End users and DBMS vendors • DB application programmers • E.g., smart webmasters • Database administrator (DBA) • Designs logical /physical schemas • Handles security and authorization • Data availability, crash recovery • Database tuning as needs evolve Must understand how a DBMS works!

  21. Summary • DBMS used to maintain, query large datasets. • Benefits include recovery from system crashes, concurrent access, quick application development, data integrity and security. • Levels of abstraction give data independence. • A DBMS typically has a layered architecture. • DBAs hold responsible jobs and are well-paid!  • DBMS R&D is one of the broadest, most exciting areas in CS.

  22. I Want to Hear from You!

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