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Lecture VIII Conversion
Conversion A word in the source language is not necessarily to be rendered into a word of the same part of speech in the target language. Since strict adherence to the part of speech of the word in the source text is likely to produce an unnatural target text, conversion, that is, rendering a word in the source text into a word of the different part of speech, is used to produce a natural and expressive target text.
A. Conversion into verbs 1）For 20 years we were passive witnesses to the deterioration of prices of our raw materials and an excessive increase of the prices of manufactured goods. 我们在二十年中坐视原材料价格下跌与工业品价格暴涨。 2）A glance through his office offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and Lincoln Memorial. 从他办公室的窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆。
3) Military bases are a serious obstacle to the achievement of independence by the colonial people. 军事基地是殖民地人民获得独立的严重障碍。 4) An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of current affairs. 读一点世界史，对学习时事是有帮助的。
5) The tests indicate that a countercurrent flow of gases and solids is necessary in the reactor. 试验表明，使气体和固体在反应器中逆向流动是必要的。 6) In handling the materials of history, each act of selection is also an act of judgment. 在处理历史资料时，每选一项资料就是作出一种判断。 7) Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves. 电视通过无线电波发送和接收活动物体的图像。
8) I am afraid I cannot teach you to operate the machine, but Tom will be a good teacher for you. 我未必能教你操作这台机器，而汤姆定能把你教会。 9) He was a voracious reader, spending much of his days and evenings devouring books. 他读起书来，不分昼夜，废寝忘食。
10) The lecturer gave an excellent picture of the living conditions in Africa. 讲演者生动地描绘了非洲的生活状况。 11) Anyone who has had a look at an old radio set will remember the large, heavy vacuum tubes and other components. 任何看过老式收音机的人，一定会记得它的大而重的真空管和其他部件。
12) Differences between the social systems of states shall not be an obstacle to their contact and cooperation. 各国社会制度不同， 但不应妨碍彼此接触与相互合作。 13) They taught us the value of a dollar, took us to church, made us mind. 他们教导我们要珍惜每一块美元，带我们去做礼拜，还教导我们要听话。 14) Such events as the murder of Lumumba are clear examples of the colonialists’ cruelty. 象杀害卢蒙巴那样的事件清楚地证明了殖民主义者的残忍凶狠。
15) Before long his thoughts were centered on the use of air as the working fluid, instead of steam. 不久他就产生了用空气代替蒸汽做工作介质的想法。 16) The work at the weather observation stations goes on regularly without any interruption, in spite of any weather conditions. 不管天气情况如何，气象观察站的工作都正常进行，毫不间断。 17) A machine part must be made of a material that has properties suitable for the condition of service. 机械零件必须用性能符合工作条件的材料制成。
18) Shortly after Jimmy Carter’s election as President, his advisers were reported as recommending lower taxes and higher government spending. 在吉米·卡特当选总统后不久，据说他的顾问们就建议应该降低税收，扩大政府开支。 19) Such robots are so sophisticated that they are even conscious of temperature change in the surroundings. 这种机器人十分精密，甚至能感觉到周围温度的变化。
B. Conversion into nouns 20) An electric current varies directly as the electromotive force and inversely as the resistance. 电流的变化与电动势成正比，与电阻成反比。 21)The mountaineers set up another camp the third day when 6500 ft. was read from the altimeter. 登山运动员第三天建立了另一座营地，当时高度表的读数为6,500英尺。
22) They expect us in the Community to work out policies of aid and trade which will show a sympathetic understanding of their own problems. 23) In fission processes, the fission fragments are very radioactive. 24) It is a fact that glass is much moresolublethan quarts. 22）他们期待我们欧洲共同体制订出对他们的问题表示同情和理解的援助政策和贸易政策。 23）在裂变过程中，裂变碎片的放射性很强。 24）事实上，玻璃的可溶性比石英大得多。
25) There seems to be no other competitive techniques which can measure range as well or as rapidly as can a laser. 就测量的精度和速度而言，似乎还没有其他技术能与激光相比。 26) Oxygen is one of the most important elements in the physical world, and it is very active chemically. 氧是物质世界最重要的元素之一，其化学性能很活泼。
C. Conversion into adjectives 27)The urgency of the development of an A-bomb then compelled the Americans to start an unprecedented research program. 当时，研制出原子弹是如此迫不及待，迫使美国人启动了一个规模空前庞大的研究项目。 28)The moderate price coupled with the superiority of our goods will surely induce you to pass our orders. 由于价格公道，品质优良，相信贵公司定会向我们订货。
29)The mechanics of this indoctrination are familiar to everyone– the Pledge of Allegiance, the National Anthem, the Salute to the Flag. 这种老一套的教育方式是人人皆知的—宣誓效忠，唱国歌，向国旗致敬。 30) The simplicity and cheerfulness of her nature, her contented and grateful spirit, were a recommendation to everybody. 她生性单纯，乐观，知足，不忘恩负义，赢得了每个人的称赞。
31)The communications system is chiefly characterized by its ease with which it can be maintained. 这种通讯装置的主要特点是便于维修。 32)In science and engineering, it is of great importance to state the laws and principles accurately. 在科学和工程学方面，定理和原理的正确叙述非常重要。
D. Conversion into adverbs 33) Customers unanimously voiced their indignation to condemn the store’s immoral acts. 顾客们一致愤怒地谴责该商场的不道德行为。 34)In his six consecutive speeches, Nasser indulged in violent attacks on the Baghdad government. 在连续六次的演说中，纳赛尔一味地对巴格达政府进行猛烈攻击。 35)Underground water reserves are much larger than those on the surface, but as they are unseen, we tend to underestimate them. 地下水的储量比地表水大得多，但是由于看不见，人们往往会低估地下水的储量。
36)It was a clear and unemotional exposition of the president’s reason for willing to begin a Chinese-American dialogue. 这篇发言清楚明白、心平气和地说明了总统希望开始中美对话的原因。 37)When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charms and humor. 一发现有反对他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将其争取过来。
