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Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation

Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation. Introduction. Motivation. Motivational Concepts. Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology. Instinct (fixed pattern) Instincts in animals Instincts in humans. Drives and Incentives. Drive-reduction theory Homeostasis Need Drive

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Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation

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  1. Unit 8A:Motivation and Emotion: Motivation

  2. Introduction • Motivation

  3. Motivational Concepts

  4. Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology • Instinct (fixed pattern) • Instincts in animals • Instincts in humans

  5. Drives and Incentives • Drive-reduction theory • Homeostasis • Need • Drive • Drive reduction

  6. Drives and Incentives • Drive-reduction theory • Homeostasis • Need • Drive • Drive reduction

  7. Drives and Incentives • Drive-reduction theory • Homeostasis • Need • Drive • Drive reduction

  8. Drives and Incentives • Incentive • Positive and negative

  9. Optimum Arousal • Arousal • Optimum level of arousal

  10. A Hierarchy of Motives • Maslow’s hierarchy of needs • Variations in the hierarchy

  11. A Hierarchy of Motives

  12. A Hierarchy of Motives

  13. A Hierarchy of Motives

  14. A Hierarchy of Motives

  15. A Hierarchy of Motives

  16. A Hierarchy of Motives

  17. A Hierarchy of Motives

  18. Hunger

  19. The Physiology of Hunger • Contractions of the stomach • Washburn study

  20. The Physiology of HungerBody Chemistry and the Brain • Glucose • Insulin • Hypothalamus • Lateral hypothalamus • orexin • Vetromedial hypothalamus

  21. The Physiology of HungerBody Chemistry and the Brain • Appetite hormones • Ghrelin • Obestatin • PYY • Leptin • Set point • Basal metabolic rate

  22. The Psychology of HungerTaste Preferences: Biology and Culture • Taste preferences • Genetic: sweet and salty • Neophobia • Adaptive taste preferences

  23. The Psychology of HungerEating Disorders • Eating disorders • Anorexia nervosa • Bulimia nervosa • Binge-eating disorder

  24. Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

  25. Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

  26. Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

  27. Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

  28. Obesity and Weight Control • Historical explanations for obesity • Obesity • Definition • Statistics • Obesity and life expectancy

  29. Obesity

  30. Obesity

  31. Obesity and Weight ControlThe Social Effects of Obesity • Social effects of obesity • Weight discrimination • Psychological effects of obesity

  32. Weight Discrimination

  33. Weight Discrimination

  34. Obesity and Weight ControlThe Physiology of Obesity • Fat Cells

  35. Obesity and Weight ControlThe Physiology of Obesity • Set point and metabolism

  36. Obesity and Weight ControlThe Physiology of Obesity • The genetic factor • The food and activity factor • Sleep loss • Social influence • Food consumption and activity level

  37. Obesity and Weight ControlLosing Weight • Realistic and moderate goals • Success stories • Attitudinal changes

  38. Sexual Motivation

  39. The Physiology of SexThe Sexual Response Cycle • Sexual response cycle • Excitement phase • Plateau phase • Orgasm • Resolution phase • Refractory period

  40. The Physiology of SexHormones and Sexual Behavior • Effects of hormones • Development of sexual characteristics • Activate sexual behavior • Estrogen • Testosterone

  41. The Psychology of Sex • External stimuli • Imagined stimuli • Dreams • Sexual fantasies

  42. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

  43. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

  44. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

  45. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

  46. Adolescent SexualityTeen Pregnancy • Ignorance • Minimal communication about birth control • Guilt related to sexual activity • Alcohol use • Mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity

  47. Adolescent SexualitySexually Transmitted Infections • Statistics of STIs • Teen abstinence • High intelligence • Religious engagement • Father presence • Participation in service learning programs • xxx

  48. Sexual Orientation • Sexual orientation • Homosexual orientation • Heterosexual orientation • Sexual orientation statistics

  49. Sexual OrientationOrigins of Sexual Orientation • Origins of sexual orientation studies • Fraternal birth order effect • Same-sex attraction in animals • The brain and sexual orientation • Genes and sexual orientation • Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation

  50. The Need to Belong

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