Formation, Stratification, and Transition of Peoples.

1. Formation, Stratification, and Transition of Peoples. Ron Rowland Harvest Information System

2. Peoples Definition What is a people?

3. Peoples Definition “What is a People?” “The persons comprising a community or tribe or race or nation.” Oxford Dictionary, 1977 • “Looking at the lists.” • Definitions are not normally used. • The challenge of distinguishing “Apples” and “Oranges”

4. Peoples Definition • “Stranger Value” and “Participant Value” • Taking Pictures • Observer View • Participant View

5. Peoples Definition – An Observer ViewDescriptors: factors that tend to unite or divide. Five Descriptors • Geo-Political (ROG) Registry of Geographic Divisions • Geo-Spatial (ROH) Registry of Habitats • Ethno-Linguistic (ROL) Registry of Languages • Ethno-Cultural (ROP) Registry of Peoples • Ethno-Religious (ROR) Registry of Religions People Language Religion Peoples Country Place

6. Peoples Definition – A Participant ViewHow do I go aboutjoining the group? Presenting Question Personal Peoples

7. Peoples Definition – A Participant View Peoples Definition: • Self-Perception • The ‘we’ factor – the sense of belonging and identity • Territoriality • The practice of community is, in part, dependant upon nearness. • Social Indicators • Those factors in the social system which give a sense of ‘us’, in contrast to ‘them’.

8. Peoples Definition – A Participant View Identity: the “we” factor. • The ‘we’ factor – the sense of belonging and identity • What is the primary group to which the people feel that they belong? • Current – not Historic • Pragmatic – not Formal

9. Peoples Definition – A Participant View • Territoriality • The practice of community is, in part, dependant upon nearness. • Significant factor in considerations of migration and ‘Diaspora.

10. Peoples Definition – A Participant View • Social Indicators • Those factors in the social system which give a sense of ‘us’, in contrast to ‘them’. • They vary from people to people. • E.g. Marriage or burial customs Prohibited foods Dress/physical ornament Building structures Conversational forms

11. Peoples Definition – Summary • The definition of a people includes both ‘Observer’ and ‘Participant understanding. • The ‘Observer’ view gives you the ‘hard, cold facts’ of the situation. • The ‘Participant’ view confirms, denies, or modifies – based on what the people themselves think.

12. Peoples Formational Patterns How are peoples formed?

13. Formational Patterns.How are Peoples formed? • SE Single Ethnic • ME Multi-Ethnic • SR Socio-Religious • SP Socio-Political These four formational patterns account, to my knowledge, for all the major ‘peoples’ of the world. I have chosen to avoid classification in HIS based upon social and socio-economic classes, as these are not exclusive (though often excluding), nor are they permanent. We will discuss this again under “Stratification”.

14. Peoples Definition: An ‘Observer’ View Peoples Formational Patterns: • Single Ethnic: • Single culture - Single language. • Multi-Ethnic: • Single language – Different Cultures. • Socio-Religious: • Single Culture – Different Languages. • Socio-Political: • National or Regional Language and Culture • Composite in nature

15. Formational Patterns.How are Peoples formed? • SE Single Ethnic This is where the people of a single culture speak a single language. It is, by far, the most frequent formational pattern. About 73% in HIS. It has been the primary focus for many agencies in their outreach to unevangelized peoples.

16. Formational Patterns.How are Peoples formed? • ME Multi-Ethnic This is where the people speak a single language, but recognize different cultural backgrounds. It is common in North Africa and East Africa, but is not exclusive to these areas. Less than 1% in HIS. Typically, a large group from a Single Culture converts to Islam, and adopts another language for religious purposes (e.g. Hassaniya Arabic has become the language of many such groups). They join, sometimes, with those from other ethnic backgrounds because of common experience of religion and language. Singly, or together, they begin to recognize themselves as a ‘different’ people.

17. Formational Patterns.How are Peoples formed? • SR Socio-Religious This is where the people recognize themselves as a “community” [samudaya], or “people”, based upon religious practices (such as caste), even though they may speak different languages in different locations. This is very common in India, and South Asia, but occurs elsewhere also. About 23% in HIS. The complexity of the India situation is illustrated by the fact that we are working with a set of data containing ca. 200,000 entries, showing Peoples (Communities), Peoples Divisions (Sub-Groups) Peoples Segments (Sub-Sub_Groups) By Country, State, and District This data is now being matched with Language Use, and already several thousand additional entries have been generated.

18. SR Socio-Religious – Adi of India 15 People Divisions, in 1 State, speaking 15 Ingroup Languages, and 21 different Intergroup Languages

19. SR Socio-Religious –Bhand of India Bhand: 1 People Division; 12 Languages, in 14 States, plus Nepal and Pakistan

20. Formational Patterns.How are Peoples formed? SP Socio-Political This is where the people recognize themselves as a people, based upon socio-political criteria. It is commonly the case with national language speakers. They cannot be classed only by language English-speaking Americans are a very different ‘people’ from the English-Speaking British, or Canadians, or Australians. Cultural backgrounds are varied, and in many cases are almost forgotten. What is left is a shared sense of being, English, or American, or French, or Chinese, etc.

21. SP Socio-Political • “I’m proud to be an American . . .” • Non-Hispanic Whites (72%) • African American (12%) • Hispanics (11%) • Hispanic Black • Hispanic White • Asians & Pacific Islanders (4%) • American Indians (1%) • US Census Bureau

22. Implications of the Four Formation Patterns: • We now have a formal means of tracking the ‘formation’ of new peoples. • With better understanding, we can now ‘fit’ them into a hierarchical system. • People Families • People Clusters • Peoples • People Divisions • People Segments More when we look at Peoples In Transition More when we look at the Registry of Peoples

23. Peoples In Society: Stratification “Towards A Stratification Model”

24. Gender Stratification Generational Stratification Race Stratification Social Stratification Economic Stratification Religious Stratification Intellectual Stratification Aesthetic Stratification Recreational Stratification Educational Stratification Values Stratification Measured Intelligence Wealth/Poverty Levels Employment Status Occupational Status Occupational Position Work Status Social Role Sexual Orientation Values Orientation Social Origins Family Background Stratification: Of What?Here are just some of the phrases that occupy current discussions:

25. Peoples In Society: Stratification “The unequal rights and perquisites of different positions in a society” Davis & Moore • Key Terms: • Hierarchy • Core & Periphery • Spheres of Influence • Mobility • Ranking MOBILITY Spheres Of Influence Core Periphery Hierarchy/Ranking

26. Stratification: Some Common Phrases • Hierarchy: • Which hierarchy are we talking about? There are many different culturally relevant hierarchies reflected in their lives. • Ranking: • Where are the group we are considering ranked on the hierarchy? • Where, in their culture, do they place this group? • Mobility: • What are the expectations of mobility for the people in this group? • What is the appropriate level for cross-cultural missionary ‘entrance’, in terms of witness and impact? • Core/Periphery • Is the group I am considering viewed as at the core, or at the periphery, within this culture? • Spheres of influence: • What is the relationship, in their culture, with other hierarchies or spheres of influence?

27. Peoples In Society: Stratification Personality Types Values Orientations 4 Interlocking Spheres of Influence Behavioral Spheres Roles and Occupations Especially important in a cross-cultural context, that we understand the dynamics.

28. Peoples In Society: Stratification Personality Types Values Orientations Lawyers, Teachers Taxi-Drivers, Housewives Manual Workers, Dockers Secretaries, Writers Roles and Occupations Behavioral Spheres

29. Peoples In Society: Stratification Personality Types Values Orientations Social & Economic Class Religious Position Intellectual – Aesthetic Recreational Position Roles and Occupations Behavioral Spheres

30. Peoples In Society: Stratification Personality Types Values Orientations • Human Nature • Man-Nature • Time • Acitivity • Relational Behavioral Spheres Social Roles

31. Stratification: Values Orientations Values Orientations From an Instrument devised by Dave Ripley, of Ethnic America Project; based on work by Kluckholn and Strodtbeck: “Variations in Value Orientations” • Human Nature • Man-Nature • Time • Activity • Relational Good Neutral Evil Passive Interactive Active Past Present Future Being Being In Becoming Doing Collaterality Lineality Individualism

32. Peoples In Society: Stratification Individuality & Personality Types Values Orientations Myers Briggs Personality Types Gender Age Levels Sexual Orientation Behavioral Spheres Social Roles

33. Summary • There appears to be a need for a model to be developed to guide those engaging in Stratificational Ministry, especially in a cross-cultural setting.

34. Peoples In Transition An on-going search for understanding, and for the development of helpful tools.

35. Peoples In Transition Transition: • “Passage from one state, stage, subject, or place to another.” • “A movement, development, or evolution from one form, stage, or style to another.” WWWebster Dictionary

36. Peoples In Transition Transition: • Again, we seek to use an ‘observer’ approach, and a ‘participant’ approach. • Let’s look first at an instrument for ‘tracking’ transition from an observer’s viewpoint.

37. Peoples In Transition Tracking: • ROG: Country. • ROH: Place. • ROP: People. • ROL: Language. • ROR: Religion. People Language Religion Country Place

38. Peoples Transition – An ‘Observer’ View Brazil: Kamba People of Matto Grosso do Sul – BR0POR09 ROG: BR ROG: BL ROH: BR14MGS ROH: Unknown ROP: UNCQKZ ROP: BR0POR ROL: QKZ ROL: POR ROR: TR ROR: CH 2000 in ethnic group. Came from Bolivia to Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul. Language extinct; all now speak Portuguese.

39. Peoples Transition – An ‘Observer’ View USA: Asante People of Dallas - US0ENG02TWS ROG: US ROG: GH ROH: USADAL ROH: GHAOBO ROP: NGCTWS ROP: US0ENG02TWS ROL: TWS ROL: ENG ROR: TR ROR: CH Asante-Twi speaking Akan People from Obowasi, Ghana, who moved to Dallas, Texas, and are bi-lingual in English.

40. Peoples Transition: A Church Planting Strategy(A Generational Approach)

41. Peoples In Transition Transition: • Now, we seek to use a ‘participant’ approach. • Let’s look at the different ways in which peoples ‘cope’ with transition.

42. Peoples Definition: A ‘Participant’ View Peoples Definition: • Self-Perception • The ‘we’ factor – the sense of belonging and identity • Territoriality • The practice of community is, in part, dependant upon nearness. • Social Indicators • Those factors in the social system which give a sense of ‘us’, in contrast to ‘them’.

43. Peoples Transition: A ‘Participant’ View Transition: • Territoriality • Self-Perception • Social Indicators Cohesion Affirming the ‘we’ feeling through retention of Social Identifiers. Assimilation Accepting new ‘we’ feeling and Social Indicators Association Modifying the ‘we’ feeling through change of Social Identifiers.

44. Peoples Transition: A ‘Participant’ View Assimilation: • With the change of ‘territoriality’ comes a change of self-identity and acceptance of social identifiers • Typically a move towards a ‘socio-political’ situation, where with a change of territoriality, there is an embracing of the national or regional culture and language. • There are stages of assimilation, but the process is on-going, and the end result is a merging with the ‘dominant’ people.

45. Peoples Transition: A ‘Participant’ View Cohesion: • With a change of territoriality comes a determination to maintain self-identity. • This is sought through redefined territoriality; and a retention of, and a strong emphasis on, traditional Social Identifiers. • A certain degree of multiculturalism and bilingualism is inevitable, leading to a ‘new’ people identity. Historical examples: Mennonites and Hutterites.

46. Peoples Transition: A ‘Participant’ View Association: • With a change of territoriality, comes a desire for, or acceptance of, a modified assimilation to a less specific, or ‘collective’, group. • There is an acceptance of a modified self-identity and Social Indicators, and a willingness to be seen by others as belonging to this ‘collective’ group. Historical examples: ‘Asians’, or ‘Hispanics’, or ‘Arabs’. • Again, the result is a new ‘people’, or ‘people grouping’ classification.

47. Peoples Transition: A ‘Participant’ View So: • Assimilation leads to a merging with another people, and progressive loss of separate people identity. • Cohesion leads to the formation of a new, though related, people identity. • Association leads to the formation of a different level of people grouping.

48. The End…