Europe in the Cold War

1. Europe in the Cold War Ian Cassidy Miguel Benedict Miranda Amey

2. 1950’s (Kennedy) • The Berlin Crisis 1961 • -Khrushchev wanted peace • -US rejected the Soviet proposed peace treaty because it would have ended US military presence in Germany • -Soviets were pissed and suspended reductions In their army and increased military spending • -East Germany erected the Berlin Wall, Kennedy sent in troops to Germany • -The situation kinda chilled and Khrushchev wanted to negotiate a settlement • -To cover his backdown, Khrushchev announced the resumption of nuclear testing.

3. 1950’s (Kennedy) • Limited Test Ban Treaty • -The Cuban Missile crisis created a climate for a productive arms control negotiation • -Considered the first step to a détente • -The Limited Test Ban treaty prohibited the atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons by the superpowers (and Britain) • -This just moved the nuclear arms race underground

4. 1950’s (Kennedy) • Sino Soviet Split • -Soviets wanted to work on relations with US because China was getting a bit to hostile • -China and Soviet union were tight until the 50’s when the soviets didn’t help during the second Taiwan Strait Crisis in 1958 • -China was too gung ho about entering a nuclear war. (Mao wanted to blow stuff up)

5. 1950’s (Kennedy) • Stillborn Detente • -Both sides made some attempts to be friends • -China had hydrogen bombs now. Neither US or Russia liked that • -To halt the spread of nuclear weapons to non-nuclear states • -So the Treaty Tlatelolco promised to respect the denuclearization of Latin America and any of the treaty’s contracting parties. • -The Outer space Treaty prohibited the creation of outer space bases on the moon and other celestial bodies. • - They also wanted a reduction on anti ballistic missiles because they would be obsolete against MIRV’s

6. 1960’s (Carter) • Conflicting Views • Vance and Brzezinski had different views • Vance looked for areas of cooperation and rejected linkage • Brzezinski took the “Cold Warrior” approach and said we need to curb the meddling of the Soviets • Cater reluctantly adopted Brezinski’s advice

7. 1960’s (Carter) • Salt II Stalemate • -The Soviets were eager to get on with SALT as was Carter • -He was met with opposition from Senator Henry Jackson • -Jackson wanted deep cuts in Soviet arsenals that weren’t part of SALT II • -Carter tried to propose the cuts but Brezhnev wasn’t down • -Vance offered two proposals. The first called the comprehensive plan had the deep cuts but excluded the soviet Backfire bomber program in they limited the backfire’s range. The second was called the deferral plan which was a repackaged Vladivostok Accord without mention of the Backfire/Cruise missile programs. Again, Brezhnev wasn’t down. • -Eventually agreed on a 3 tiered plan. The first tier was a treaty based on the Vladivostok Accord , the second a 3 year limit on missile modernization and finally the frame of a future SALT III

8. 1960’s (Carter) • SALT II and Vienna • -SALT was improbable due to declining detente • -To get congress behind SALT Carter approved major military spending. • -June 18, 1979 Carter signed SALT II • -Brezhnev wanted future negotiations to include other countries like china • -In the end Cater could not get the support to sign SALT II into a ratified treaty and this cause relationship strain

9. 1960’s (Carter) • LRTNW • -We had ‘em. Soviets had ‘em. NATO wanted some too. • -Such goodies like the “Neutron Bomb” were strongly desired to balance the new Soviet SS-20 • -We gave NATO what it wanted • -Brezhnev threated to point his nuke at European nations if they deployed our ordnance • -NATO did it anyway • -NATO offered to negotiate after the had enough LRTNW to match the Soviets • -This did a real number on foreign relations.

10. 1970’s (Nixon) Detente • Kissinger’s idea • Better for US interests in Vietnam • Soviets achieving parity in nuclear weapons

11. 1970’s (Nixon) Ostpolitik and Berlin • Chancellor Brandt moves quickly to normalize relations with the Eastern Bloc • West German-Soviet treaty 1970 • US thought USSR would weaken NATO • However, USSR wanted détente too

12. 1970’s (Nixon) Détente Sees Success • Salt- Focused on defensive missiles, ceiling on ICBMs, no stationary ocean missiles • Quadripartite Treaty on Berlin • Breakthrough in Trade

13. 1970’s (Nixon) The Moscow Summit 1972 • ABM Treaty • Interim Agreement • Economic breakthrough

14. 1970’s (Nixon) The Moscow Summit 1974 • Threshold Test Ban Treaty (TTBT) • Vladivostok Agreements

15. 1970’s (Nixon) The Helsinki Final Act 1975 • 4 Baskets • European Security/Human Rights • Increased cooperation • Movement of people/ideas • Further meetings to discuss the act

16. 1980’s (reagan) • NSDD-32 • US would seek to neutralize Soviet control over Eastern Europe/Satellite States • Polish Labor Movement • Economic sanctions on Poland and the Soviet Union • US Rejection of the Yalta Agreement • Ostpolitik • Soviet Pipeline Project • East-West economic link • A step supporting European détente

17. 1980’s (reagan) • Nuclear Weapons Control • West Europe public upset at Reagan administration’s nuclear buildup • Engagement of nuclear arms negotiations with the Soviet Union • Continues offers followed by rejections • “zero option plan” • “interim agreement” • Strategiv Arms Reductions Talks • (START later SALT)

18. 1980’s (Reagan) • Mikhail Gorbachev • “new way of thinking” • Interfering in Third World to eliminate costs • Biggest weakness in the Soviet economy • Additional social problems • Soviet military straining economy • Reorganized Soviet foundation • Made the effect of sincerely wanting to end the Cold War • START Conference- Rekjavik, Iceland 1986 • ABM Treaty

19. 1980’s (Reagan) • INF Treaty • Global limit • German missiles • Conference on Disarmament in Europe (CDE) • 2 phases • Confidence building measures (CMB’s) • Actual force reductions • Gorbachev accelerated Soviet retreat from Third World • Attempt at ending Sino-Soviet Conflict • Repairing relations • Israel, Egypt