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Responses to the Industrial City (cont.)

Responses to the Industrial City (cont.). Planning, Social Theory & Policy. City Beautiful Movement Goals. “beauty, order, system & harmony” Middle & upper middle-class effort to refashion the city into beautiful, functional entities. Garden City Movement. Eb. Howard’s:

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Responses to the Industrial City (cont.)

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  1. Responses to the Industrial City (cont.) Planning, Social Theory & Policy

  2. City Beautiful Movement Goals • “beauty, order, system & harmony” • Middle & upper middle-class effort to refashion the city into beautiful, functional entities

  3. Garden City Movement • Eb. Howard’s: Garden Cities Concepts "To-morrow: A peaceful path to Real Reform” (1898)

  4. Impact in Britain • Letchworth: 1903 • Welywyn: 1920

  5. British New Towns • Post World War II Britain Planning Act (1948): rebuilt & avoid excesses of American suburban growth • Development Corps w/ direct Treasury finance • By 1971 – 28 towns (1,415,000 people) - 182,000 new houses; - over 35 mil. Sq. ft. of new factory space

  6. American Influence • Design Implications – Radburn Plan • Greenbelt Cities • New Towns (?) – Reston, New York & Columbia, Maryland

  7. Greendale WI • 1938

  8. LeCorbusier

  9. Modernist Influence • Public Housing

  10. Modernist Influence • Town Plans * Brasilia * Chandigarh

  11. Social Science • Chicago School & Human Ecology • Park & Burgess – *Social Change (Deviance) *Ethnography *Ecology

  12. Homer Hoyt’s Model

  13. Assessing the “American Dream”

  14. A Nation of Homeowners -? • 1920 – 20% • 1940 – 44% • 1960 – 60% • 1980 – 66% • 2000 – 67%

  15. Housing Market • Industrial City – introduced generalized housing market • Before Twenties Boom – Prior to economic boom, two-thirds of American population judged to be poorly served by private market (“the Housers”)

  16. 1920s – Changing Urban Form • Streetcar Suburbs – radial development, lower density & greater dispersion • In 1920s, for the first time, suburbs grew faster than the central cities – much faster • Automobile’s contribution – “The city is doomed . . . We shall solve the city problem by leaving the city.” Henry Ford • Policy related to home ownership . . .

  17. ’20s Streetcar & Automobile Suburbs “take-off”

  18. Influence on the shape of the city – filling in the radius w/ lower densities Streetcar suburb – Av. Lot size 3,000 sf Auto suburb – Av. Lot size 5,000 sf Pop. Density fell from 20,000 sq. mile to 10,000 sq mile in auto suburb

  19. Depression Era Impact i. Construction Industry – fell 95% (’28-’33) ii. Mortgage Defaults – by 1933, 50% technically in default

  20. Responses • Home Owners Loan Corporation (1933) • Federal Housing Administration (1934) • = Keynesian Suburbs

  21. John Maynard Keynes

  22. New Lending Practices • FHA Insurance – eliminate banking risk • Allowed financing of up to 93% of cost (instead of 50-75%) • Repayment period extended from standard 10 years to 25-30 years

  23. Geography of Loans • Race: Homer Hoyt’s 1933 analysis • English, Scotch, Irish, Scandinavian • North Italians • Bohemians or Czechs • Poles • Lithuanians • Greeks • Russian Jews • South Italians • Negroes • Mexicans

  24. Geography of Loans • City vs. Suburb: 1. Age of property 2. Rental Property vs. Home Owner FHA assessment practices – “redlining”

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