10 th American History Unit IV- A Champion of Democracy 1939-1960

1. 10th American HistoryUnit IV- A Champion of Democracy 1939-1960 Chapter 15 Section 1 The Iron Curtain Falls on Europe

2. The Cold War Begins (04:51)

3. The Iron Curtain Falls on Europe • The Main Idea • At the end of World War II, tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States deepened, leading to an era known as the Cold War. • Reading Focus • What were the roots of the Cold War? • What was the Iron Curtain? • How did the United States respond to Soviet actions in Europe? • What was the crisis in Berlin in the late 1940s, and how was it resolved?

4. The Cold War (04:17)

5. Roots of the Cold War • Philosophical differences between the Soviet Union and the United States reached back to the 1920s. • Soviet Union: communism, totalitarian dictatorship • United States: free-enterprise capitalism, republic Philosophical Differences • Allies during the war, but not truly friends • Soviets wanted British and Americans to open a second European front earlier in the war. • U.S. atomic bomb plans worried Soviet Union. World War II Conflicts • The Soviet Union refused to let Eastern Europe hold elections as promised at Yalta. • The United States resisted Soviet expansion. Postwar Conflicts

7. Roots of the Cold War • The U.S. and Britain, alarmed by the Soviet domination of Eastern Europe, feared the expansion of Soviet power and communism in Western Europe and elsewhere. • The Soviets were determined to maintain control of Eastern Europe, in part to safeguard against a possible renewed threat from Germany. • The Cold War (the term was first used by Bernard Baruch during a congressional debate in 1947) was waged mainly on political, economic, and propaganda fronts and had only limited recourse to weapons. • It was at its peak in 1948–53 with the Berlin blockade and airlift, the formation of NATO, the victory of the communists in the Chinese civil war, and the Korean War. Another intense stage occurred in 1958–62 with the Cuban missile crisis, which resulted in a weapons buildup by both sides. • A period of détente in the 1970s was followed by renewed hostility. • The Cold War ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.

8. Julius and Ethel Greenglass Rosenberg • Were American Communists who received international attention when they were executed for passing nuclear weapons secrets to the Soviet Union. • The couple were the only two American civilians to be executed for espionage-related activity during the Cold War. • In imposing the death penalty, Judge Kaufman noted that he held them responsible not only for espionage but also for the deaths of the Korean War: since the information leaked to the Russians was believed to help them develop the A-bomb and stimulate Communist aggression in Korea. • Their case has been at the center of the controversy over communism in the United States ever since.

9. The Roots of the Cold War • What were the roots of the Cold War? • Explain – Why was President Roosevelt concerned when Germany and the Soviet Union signed their nonaggression pact in 1939? • Analyze- Why did hard feelings arise between the Soviets and the Americans and British during World War II?

10. The Iron Curtain • Stalin wanted to retain political and economic control over Eastern Europe. • The Soviets managed to install Communist governments throughout Eastern Europe. • Stalin outlawed political parties or newspapers that opposed the Communists. • The Soviets jailed or killed some political opponents. • The Soviets rigged elections to ensure the success of Communists. • Yugoslavia was the one Eastern European nation that was not under the direct control of Stalin and the Soviet Union. • Josip Broz Tito, a Communist, refused to take orders from the Soviet Union. • The Soviet Union relocated Germans living in Poland and other countries of Eastern Europe.

13. The Iron Curtain Western Views of the Iron Curtain • Winston Churchill attacked the Soviet Union for creating an Iron Curtain. • The term reflected Churchill’s belief that communism had created a sharp division in Europe. • Harry S Truman urged his secretary of state to get tough with the Soviets. Soviet Views of the Iron Curtain • Stalin believed that the Iron Curtain was necessary to protect the Soviet Union from western attacks. • Stalin used Churchill’s words to help persuade his people that the United States and Great Britain were their enemies. • He also used this as an excuse to rebuild the military.

15. The Iron Curtain Decends • What was the Iron Curtain? • Explain – Why was the United States alarmed by the Soviet treatment of Germans living in Poland and other countries of Eastern Europe? • Summarize- Why did Stalin want to hold on to Eastern Europe? • Make Judgments- Do you think Stalin was justified in wanting to control Eastern Europe? Explain.

16. How did the United States respond to Soviet actions in Europe? • Containment • George F. Kennan created a policy known as containment. • This policy stated that the United States should resist Soviet attempts to expand its power. • Containment included economic aid, sanctions, and military force. • Marshall Plan • An aid program to rebuild the economies of European countries to create stable conditions for democracies • 17 countries received $13.4 billion dollars in aid. • Helped build strong political support in Western Europe • Truman Doctrine • Said that the United States would help people fight against oppressors • Truman wanted to send aid to Greece and Turkey to help them fight Soviet pressure. • Congress agreed to send millions of dollars to Greece and Turkey.

17. Containment • The foreign policy strategy of the United States in the early years of the Cold War in which it attempted to stop what it called the domino effect of nations moving politically towards Soviet Union-based communism, rather than European-American-based capitalism. • George Kennan argued that the primary goal of the United States should be to prevent the spread of Communism to non-Communist nations; that is, to "contain" Communism within its borders. The Truman Doctrine aimed at this goal, and containment was one of its key principles. • He never advocated military intervention, merely economic support.

18. The Truman Doctrine (02:37)

19. The Marshall Plan – 0 :46

21. The United States Responds • How did the United States respond to Soviet actions in Europe? • Describe – What were the components of George F. Kennan’s containment policy and how did they work together? • Predict- How will the Truman Doctrine play an important part in U.S. foreign policy?

22. The United States Responds • Identify – Who was George Marshall? • Analyze – What is the connection between the Marshall Plan and Kennan’s containment policy? • Identify Cause and Effect- What was the result of the Marshall Plan? • Evaluate – Why do you think the Soviet Union refused U.S. aid?

23. Divided Germany Map 15.1

24. Crisis in Berlin • With the start of the Cold War, it became clear that the Soviets planned to keep their German zone under Communist control. • The British, Americans, and French began to take steps to set up a free, democratic government within their German zones. • The western zone eventually became known as the Federal Republic of Germany, or West Germany. • The British, Americans, and French also tried to set up a democratic government in West Berlin. • The Soviets were not happy with the idea of a Western-style government and economy in the middle of the Soviet zone of occupation.

25. Berlin Airlift - June 30, 1948 (02:46)

26. The Crisis in Berlin • Soviets Bloc Traffic • In June 1948 the Soviets announced that they would block any road, rail, or river traffic into West Berlin. • West Berlin’s residents were cut off from food, coal, and other products. • West Berlin was not completely cutoff because it had airstrips. • NATO Forms • In 1949 the U.S. and 6 other nations joined Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and the U.K. to form NATO. • An armed attack against one would be considered an attack against all. • Today, 26 countries belong to NATO. • The Berlin Airlift • British and American planes began making deliveries to West Berlin. • The Berlin Airlift continued for months and months. • Finally, the Soviet Union lifted its blockade on May 12, 1949.

27. NATO The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all. Consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defense recognized by Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, will assist the Party or Parties so attacked by taking forthwith, individually and in concert with the other Parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area. A military alliance established by the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on April 4, 1949

28. The Crisis in Berlin • What was the crisis in Berlin in the late 1940’s and how was it resolved? • Recall – What happened to Germany and its capital after World War II? • Identify- What was the Federal Republic of Germany? • Evaluate – Why do you think the Soviets wanted to cut off food, fuel, and other necessities from West Berlin?

29. The Crisis in Berlin • Recall – How long did the Berlin Airlift continue? • Summarize- What is NATO and why was it formed?

30. Chapter 15 Section 1 Assessment • #1 • a- Define – Cold War- Rivalry between U.S. and Soviet Union • b- Infer- U.S. does not trust the Soviet Union • c- Evaluate- No, could have jeopardized security • #2 • a- Recall – a sharp division between Eastern and Western Europe created by Communism. • b- Conclusions- Feared Soviets would take over Europe • c- Elaborate- Yes, Stalin was a serious threat; no, home front needed help.

31. Chapter 15 Section 1 Assessment • #3 • a- Define – Containment- prevent the spread of Communism. Truman Doctrine- provide aid to countries trying to resist communism. Marshall Plan- aid to rebuild Europe. • b- Draw Conclusions- created strong economic ties and allies; spurred sales of U.S. goods abroad. • c- Predict- will strengthen ties with the U.S. • #4 • a- Recall – supplies flown into West Berlin to avoid the Soviet blockade. • b- Explain - plane crashes; difficult; Soviets might fire on Allies.