CONCAWE INPUT TO FUELS DIRECTIVE REVIEW AGENDA ITEM 5 NON-SULPHUR FUEL PARAMETERS

1. CONCAWE INPUT TO FUELS DIRECTIVE REVIEWAGENDA ITEM 5NON-SULPHUR FUEL PARAMETERS

2. CONCAWE INPUT TO FUELS DIRECTIVE REVIEWBACKGROUND • Fuels and vehicles have to be considered as a system • Tremendous progress has been made in fuel quality and vehicle emissions control in Europe • Time is needed for the full effects to be seen • Sulphur-free fuels now being introduced enable best performance from the next generation of vehicles: • Advanced gasoline engines • Direct Injection, Variable systems, Downsizing… • Improved diesel engines • Multiple high pressure injections, Exhaust gas recirculation… • Advanced after-treatment • Improved TWC, PM traps, lean NOx converters… • Hybrids

3. RECENT CONCAWE STUDIES WITH ADVANCED FUELS AND VEHICLES • Auto-Oil and EPEFE programmes provided understanding on the relationships between fuels, vehicle technologies and emissions • But were carried out 10 years ago on Euro 1-2 vehicles and engines • To update knowledge, CONCAWE has continued to test fuel effects on emissions from new engine & vehicle technologies • Gasoline • LD Diesel • HD Diesel • Wide range of fuel qualities References: SAE 2004-01-1886 : Regulated Emissions, Gasoline SAE 2004-01-1880 : Regulated Emissions, Diesel SAE 2004-01-1985 : Particulate Emissions, Light Duty Vehicles SAE 2004-01-1986 : Particulate Emissions, Heavy Duty Engines CONCAWE Reports: 4/02, 5/03, 2/04, 1/05, 2/05

4. GASOLINE EFFECTS ON REGULATED EMISSIONS WERE SMALL EXAMPLE: EFFECT OF AROMATICS • Effects of reducing aromatics were small: • Conflicting trends on NOx emissions • Increased HC emissions in the DI cars but decreased in the MPI car • No significant effects on CO Euro-4 limits (g/km): CO 1.0, HC 0.10, NOx 0.08

5. DIESEL PARTICULATE FILTERS: STEP-CHANGE IN PM EMISSIONS LD Vehicle PM emissions – NEDC Car A: no DPF Car B: with DPF Fuels D2 = 300 ppm S D3 = 50 ppm S D4 = 10 ppm S D6 = 300 ppm S (pre-2000) D5 = SK1 D7 = D4 + 5% RME D8 = FT diesel • DPFs with low sulphur fuels deliver very low PM emissions • No benefit from further changes to diesel fuel specifications

6. LOW SULPHUR FUELS WITH ADVANCED AFTER-TREATMENT ALSO REDUCE PARTICLE NUMBER EMISSIONS LD Vehicles, SMPS data N<30 nm and N>30 nm @ 120 km/h • Similar findings for heavy duty diesel engines

7. SUMMARY • EU 2005 specification sulphur-free fuels meet the needs of all advanced vehicle technologies that can be expected in the 2010 time-frame • Advanced gasoline engines, improved diesel engines, advanced after-treatment, hybrids • Very low emissions with 10 ppm S fuels • Confirmed by Commission’s review of Euro-5 technologies • Changes to other fuel properties offer little or no additional Air Quality benefit, would increase CO2 emissions and add to security of supply concerns, especially for diesel, where meeting the future demand is already a challenge • Priorities for the Fuels Directive Review should be the specific issues that have already been identified: • End date for 100% coverage of 10 ppm S diesel • Metallic additives • Gasoline vapour pressure in relation to ethanol blending • Non-road diesel fuel sulphur content

8. BACK-UP SLIDES

9. HEAVY DUTY DIESEL EMISSIONS • CONCAWE study on Euro-3 engines showed emissions response to diesel fuel cetane and aromatics content was small Heavy-Duty Fleet Average PM emissions vs. Aromatics Source: CONCAWE report No. 4/02

10. ADVANCED HD ENGINE TECHNOLOGIES: LARGE PM EMISSION REDUCTIONS HD Engine PM emissions – ESC • Euro 4 engine with EGR & CRT • Euro 5 engine with SCR/urea without DPF Source: CONCAWE report No. 1/05