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GLOBAL HISTORY 9

GLOBAL HISTORY 9. REVIEW PART I. STUDYING THE PAST. ARCHAEOLOGY – study of how early people live, study artifacts HISTORY – study of how people in the past lived, studies written artifacts more GEOGRAPHY - study of earth and its people, resources, movement of goods, ideas.

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GLOBAL HISTORY 9

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  1. GLOBAL HISTORY 9 REVIEW PART I

  2. STUDYING THE PAST • ARCHAEOLOGY – study of how early people live, study artifacts • HISTORY – study of how people in the past lived, studies written artifacts more • GEOGRAPHY - study of earth and its people, resources, movement of goods, ideas

  3. Which academic discipline focuses study on the roles and functions of government? (1) political science (3) geography (2) anthropology (4) economics

  4. Which social scientists primarily study the scarcity of resources and the distribution of goods and services? (1) anthropologists (3) economists (2) political scientists (4) historians

  5. The Europeans referred to China as the Far East. The Chinese referred to China as the Middle Kingdom. What do these terms illustrate? (1) The names of places refer to significant physical features. (2) Most people do not understand geography. (3) The point of view of people influences geographic labels. (4) Place names sometimes commemorate important events.

  6. A library’s holdings include the following title: A Forgotten Kingdom, Being a Record of the results obtained from the excavation of two mounds, Atchana and Al Mina, in the Turkish Hatay. Which field of study would have been most responsible for conducting the excavation? (1) economics (3) archaeology (2) sociology (4) political science

  7. FIRST PEOPLE • PALEOLITHIC – Old Stone Age, people learned skills to survive, nomadic, made tools, simple art, religious beliefs • NEOLITHIC – Agricultural Revolution, people learn to farm and domesticate animals, status of women declines • NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION LEADS TO…

  8. The Neolithic Revolution is considered a turning point in global history because it led to (1) increasing migrations of people in search of food (2) increasing use of animal skins for clothing (3) a belief in a spiritual world (4) the development of civilization

  9. During the Neolithic Revolution, production of a food surplus led directly to (1) a nomadic lifestyle (2) a reliance on stone weaponry (3) an increase in population (4) a dependence on hunting and gathering

  10. BIRTH OF CIVILIZATION • Organized government P • Complex religions R • Different jobs E • Social classes S • Art and architecture A • Cities P • Roads, bridges, public works projects I • Writing I

  11. CULTURAL DIFFUSION • Sharing of ideas & tech., results from war, travel, trade

  12. RIVER VALLEYS • Birth of civilization • 1st cities and civs. found in r.valleys in Middle East, Africa, Asia

  13. FIRST CIVILIZATIONS Middle East Egypt – Nile R. flooded providing rich soil, ruled by pharoahs, built pyramids, hieroglyphics • Fertile Crescent – Mesopotamia, Tigris & Euphrates R. Sumerians 1st to write with cuneiform, 1st wheeled vehicles, Babylonians (Hammurabi’s Code) Hebrews (monotheism)

  14. The Egyptians used hieroglyphics in the same way as the Sumerians used (1) ideographs (3) cuneiform (2) calligraphy (4) letters

  15. ASIA • India – monsoons and r. valleys (Indus & Ganges) watered crops, Mohenjo-Daro &Harappa urban planning, Aryan invasion, caste system, rigid class system ltd. social mobility reincarnation, Hinduism, Gupta Golden Age (advancements in math, medicine, art) • China – r. valley (Huang He) isolated by Himalayas, Gobi desert, dynastic cycle, Mandate of Heaven, Silk Road

  16. The Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra were important to ancient India because they were (1) high mountain ranges that protected India from invasion (2) great rivers that flowed through India’s fertile northern plain (3) Aryan gods to whom the priests prayed for rain (4) ruling dynasties that united the people of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro

  17. Discovery of streets arranged in a grid-like pattern and a system of pipes for moving water in Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro suggest that these ancient river valley cities in South Asia had • (1) organized governments • (2) subsistence-based economies • (3) polytheistic beliefs • (4) rigid social classes

  18. Which major geographic feature has hindered cultural diffusion between India and China? (1) Himalaya Mountains (3) Gobi Desert (2) Deccan Plateau (4) Great Rift Valley

  19. … Monsoons are relied upon throughout the country to provide water for growing crops. Heavy monsoons, however, can bring floods that often have a high death toll. These floods have been exacerbated [made worse] by deforestation of the hills for industrial and agricultural purposes. It is a fine balance between having plenty of water to flood the rice fields and having too much so that crops, homes, and even lives are lost. The alternative to the floods may be famines. However, India’s infrastructure can now deal successfully with these: When the monsoon fails in one area, the army is able to move supplies to the drought-stricken area. As a result of this organization, few lives were lost in the Maharashtra famines of 1965–66 and 1974–75, while more than two million people died in the Bengal famine of 1943. • —Louise Nicholson, National Geographic Traveler: • India, 2007

  20. Based on this passage, how have the negativeeffects of the monsoons been reduced in recentyears? (1) The army is building dams to hold back the floods. (2) Farmers have begun to grow crops that require less water. (3) Home construction in flood areas has been controlled by government regulations. (4) An improved infrastructure makes it possible to bring supplies to areas in need of help.

  21. CLASSICAL CIVS. IN EUROPE • Greece- Athens & Sparta, city-states separated by islands and mountains, Golden Age under Pericles (democracy, philosophy, theater, architecture) conquered by Alexander the Great, spread Hellenistic culture, cultural diffusion • Rome – set up republic ruled by the people, later expand to large empire, Pax Romana – achievements in law, justice, roads, architecture, Latin lang. fall caused by Germanic invasions, lack of patriotism, econ. problems etc.

  22. PARTHENON

  23. Which geographic feature served as a barrier to political unity and encouraged the rise of independent city-states in ancient Greece? (1) broad plains (3) navigable rivers (2) mountain ranges (4) numerous ports

  24. What was one of the most important contributions of the Greek city-state of Athens? (1) development of direct democracy (2) diffusion of a monotheistic belief system (3) promotion of the equality of all humans (4) creation of a writing system using hieroglyphics

  25. Opinion and bias in written historical sources illustrate the need to be aware of (1) plagiarism (3) human rights (2) turning points (4) points of view

  26. RELIGIONS • See big sheet!

  27. EARLY MIDDLE AGES • FEUDALISM AND THE MANOR – system of loyalty based and land ownership between lords, knights etc. • Manor self-sufficient, worked by serfs, protected by knights in interdependent relationship

  28. The European system of manorialism is most closely associated with • (1) promoting social mobility • (2) reviving and preserving learning • (3) serving the spiritual needs of society • (4) maintaining economic self-sufficiency

  29. MEDIEVAL CHURCH • Catholic Church very powerful, with social/political/econ. Functions, provided stability

  30. LATE MIDDLE AGES • GROWTH OF TOWNS – Agric. Rev  guilds  middle class • BLACK PLAGUE -> loss of ¼ - 1/3 of pop.

  31. What was an immediate result of the Black Death? • (1) labor shortages • (2) overseas exploration • (3) decrease in anti-Semitism • (4) improvements in medical science

  32. Increases in trade and commerce that occurred during the late Middle Ages in Europe resulted in (1) lower living standards for guild members (2) the development of more towns and cities (3) a decline in rivalries between kings (4) an increase in the number of self-sufficient manors

  33. RISE OF FRANCE AND ENGLAND • FRANCE – 100 Yrs. War, Joan of Arc, Estates General • ENGLAND – Parliament, William the Conqueror, Magna Carta

  34. CRUSADES • Holy Wars between Christians and Seljuk Turks over Holy Land (Jerusalem) • Europeans fail to win Holy Land, but trade and interest in other cultures increases (cultural diffusion)

  35. A primary goal of European Crusaders fighting in the Middle East was to (1) establish markets for Italian merchants (2) rescue Pope Urban II from the Byzantines (3) halt the advance of Mongol armies in the Asian steppes (4) secure access to Christian holy sites in Jerusalem

  36. BYZANTINE EMPIRE • Justinian’s Code, 2nd Roman Emp, lasts until 1453 when conquered by Ottoman Emp. • Sulieman the Magnificent-Ottoman leader, 1520-1566

  37. The introduction of the Cyrillic alphabet and Orthodox Christianity to Russia is most closely associated with • (1) Viking conquests • (2) Byzantine missionaries • (3) Alexander the Great’s armies • (4) Ottoman expansion

  38. The Ottoman Turks viewed Constantinople as being strategically important because it (1) was the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad (2) would allow them to control the Vatican (3) was a crossroads between Europe and Asia (4) would provide them with access to the Persian Gulf

  39. RUSSIA / EASTERN EUROPE • RUSSIA – influenced by Byz. Emp. (Orthodox Christ. art, arch, etc.), absolute rule and czars • E. EUROPE – diverse geog. • leads to cult. diversity

  40. MUSLIM WORLD • Islam – 622, Arab armies rapidly spread religion • Golden Age 750 – art, lit. medicine, science, math

  41. • Creation of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad • Development of algebra • Use of calligraphy as an art form Which Golden Age is most closely associated with these achievements? (1) Islamic (3) Tang (2) Gupta (4) Songhai

  42. MUSLIMS IN INDIA • Mughal Emp.- descendants of Mongols, bring Muslim learning, Islam meets Hinduism • Akbar the Great – built strong central gov’t 1556-1605, Muslim but tolerant of Hindus

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