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Wireless Technologies

Wireless Technologies. Why Wireless?. Human freedom Portability v. Mobility Objective: “anything, anytime, anywhere” Mobility Size, weight, power Functionality Content Infrastructure required Cost Capital, operational. The m-Commerce “Revolution”.

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Wireless Technologies

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  1. Wireless Technologies

  2. Why Wireless? • Human freedom • Portability v. Mobility • Objective: “anything, anytime, anywhere” • Mobility • Size, weight, power • Functionality • Content • Infrastructure required • Cost • Capital, operational

  3. The m-Commerce “Revolution” 1. High mobile phone penetration: 4 per PC worldwide 2. Convergence of the Internet and the mobile phone 3. Transition to 3rd Generation 4. Personalization, location- & context-sensitive applications and services

  4. (in millions) 1800 1600 1400 1200 Rest of World 1000 Asia Pacific North America 800 European Union 600 400 200 0 Year 1995 2000 2005 2010 Wireless Subscribers Worldwide SOURCE: UMTS FORUM

  5. Wireless Telephony WIRELESS AIR LINK WIRED PUBLIC SWITCHED TELEPHONE NETWORK SOURCE: IEC.ORG

  6. ACTUAL COVERAGE AREA OF CELL 3 ACTUAL COVERAGE AREA OF CELL 1 Cell Clusters CELL 1 OVERLAPS 6 OTHERS DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES MUST BE USED IN ADJACENT CELLS SEVEN DIFFERENT SETS OF FREQUENCIES REQUIRED SOURCE: IEC.ORG

  7. Cellular Generations • First • Analog, circuit-switched (AMPS) • Second • Digital, circuit-switched (GSM, Palm) 10 Kbps • Advanced second • Digital, circuit switched, Internet-enabled (WAP) 10 Kbps • 2.5 • Digital, packet-switched, TDMA (GPRS, EDGE)40-400 Kbps • Third • Digital, packet-switched, wideband CDMA (UMTS)0.4 – 2 Mbps • Fourth • Data rate 100 Mbps; achieves “telepresence”

  8. GSM Frame Structure SOURCE: DANIEL ROLF

  9. UMTS • Universal Mobile Telecommunications System • Data at 2 megabits (> T1) but only indoors • Outdoors same as EDGE (384 Kbps) • Arthur Andersen says no wireless app needs more than 300 Kbps. WRONG! • Based on WCDMA (wideband CDMA) • Huge spectrum license costs • UK 40B€; German 50B€ • GSM to EDGE costs 7% of GSM investment • GSM to UMTS costs 200-300% of GSM investment SOURCE: WAPLAND

  10. UMTS • ITU open standard: IMT-2000 • Includes satellites • Different countries use different air interfaces • UMTS Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) • operating system software for any UMTS device • graphic files, electronic signature data, personal files, fingerprints and biometric data. SOURCE: WAPLAND

  11. GEO MEO LEO Satellite Systems GEO (22,300 mi., equatorial) high bandwidth, power, latency MEO high bandwidth, power, latency LEO (400 mi.) low power, latency more satellites small footprint V-SAT (Very Small Aperture) private WAN SOURCE: WASHINGTON UNIV.

  12. Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) • Benefits of AVL • Fast dispatch • Customer service • Safety, security • Digital messaging • Dynamic route optimization • Driver complicance • Sample AVL Users • Chicago 911 • Inkombank, Moscow • Taxi companies SOURCE: TRIMBLE NAVIGATION

  13. GPS and Auto Insurance • Need to rate drivers accurately • age, residence and driving record not enough • driving after midnight is 10 TIMES as risky as at 8:00 a.m. • commuting is the safest kind of driving • parking in high-crime neighborhoods increases payout • Progressive Insurance (Mayfield, Ohio) • “Autograph” policy: car is outfitted with GPS, cellular modem, microprocessor + 256KB memory • When ignition is turned on, car records location every six minutes • Once a month, uploaded to Progressive by cellphone

  14. GPS and Auto Insurance • Customer is billed retrospectively every month • 25-50% savings in premiums • Increases Progressive’s share but also gives them the right share (safe drivers)

  15. Location-Aware Applications • Vehicle tracking • Firemen in buildings, vital signs, oxygen remaining • Asset tracking • Baggage • Shoppers assistance • Robots • Corporate visitors

  16. Automatic Identificationand Data Capture (AIDC) • Problem: how to obtain data from physical objects • Examples: product ID, price, serial number • Bar code two-dimensional • Magnetic stripe card • Smart card • Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) • Real-Time Locating Systems (RTLS) TAG RFID CIRCUIT WAND READER

  17. AIDC Applications • Highway toll collection • Freight containers • Animal identification • Theft detection • Inventory, asset management • Traffic control • Gas station billing SOURCE: TSS

  18. Wireless LAN • Idea: just a LAN, but without wires • Not as easy since signals are of limited range • Uses unlicensed frequencies, low power • 2.4 GHz • IEEE 802.11 (wireless ethernet) • WaveLAN 2 Mbps moving to 11 Mbps • 5.2 GHz • OFDM (orthogonal FDMA) modem technology (30 Mbps) IEEE 802.11 • Bluetooth

  19. Wireless LAN Configurations CLIENT AND ACCESS POINT WIRELESS PEER-TO-PEER BRIDGING WITH DIRECTIONAL ANTENNAS MULTIPLE ACCESS POINTS + ROAMING UP TO 17 KM ! SOURCE: PROXIM.COM

  20. Bluetooth A standard permitting for wireless connection of: • Personal computers • Printers • Mobile phones • Handsfree headsets • LCD projectors • Modems • Wireless LAN devices • Notebooks • Desktop PCs • PDAs

  21. Connected PC Connected Families Mobile display pad Electronic Program guide Read & set security system Home Theater control Display News headlines Office Laptop Connect to office LAN Email Home Printer access Surf from anywhere Share files Family Car Trip Navigation downloads Download News/Entertainment Grandma’s Brownies 3 cups flour 1 cup grated chocolate 1 cup sugar 1 stick butter Broadband Internet Pipe Ethernet or HomePNA Grandma’s 3 cups flour 1 cup grated chocolate 1 cup sugar 1 stick butter 1/2 cup chopped walnuts minutes. Main Home PC HOME INDEX Fridge Pad Family Calendar Recipe Display Build shopping lists Voice messaging Intercom Cordless Phone Remote Speech recognition Call by name Build shopping lists Home PBX Additional PC(s) Kids Room PC Printer access Internet access File access Home and Office of the Future SOURCE: IEEE

  22. Wireless Application Support • WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) and iMode • High-level protocols that use cellular transport • WAP: • Uses WML (Wireless Markup Language) • Divides content into “cards” equal to one telephone screen • Simplified but incompatible form of HTML • To send to a WAP phone, must broadcast WML content

  23. Key Takeaways • Mobile growing very rapidly • Cell systems need large infrastructure • Wireless LAN does not • Content preparation is a problem • Wireless business models largely unexplored • Bandwidth, bandwidth, bandwidth

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