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411 162. Part 1. 1. aspiration. (p. 56) aspiration , a period of voicelessness after the stop articulation and before the start of the voicing for the vowel . You can feel a burst of air that comes out during the period of voicelessness after the release of the stop.
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411 162 Part 1
1. aspiration • (p. 56) aspiration, aperiod of voicelessness after the stop articulation and before the start of the voicing for the vowel. You can feel a burst of air that comes out during the period of voicelessness after the release of the stop. • In a narrow transcription, aspiration a small raised h • e.g. pie (after the release of the lip closure) • pie , tie , kye
(Table 3.1, p. 56) 5th column : vowel is much shorter before the voiceless consonants,, nap vs mat knack cap cat back 6th column: vowel is longer before the voiced consonants,, nab mad nag cab cad bag 2. shorter
3. 4. white teeth • final stop + nasal/ stop = unexploded/ unreleased/ no audible release • e.g. in cat in phrase like the cat pushed… (see narrow transcription of the whole phrase, p. 59) • within a word e.g. apt, act (see narrow transcription of the whole word, p. 60)
5. vocal folds • (p. 60) A glottal stop is the sound that occurs when the vocal folds are held tightly together. • 6. • (p. 60) A glottal stop usually occurs in the utterancemeaning ‘no’ i.e. uh-uh
7. • (p. 61) Glottal stops frequently occur as allophones of . • 8. Homorganic • (p. 62) Homorganic =two sounds have the same place of articulation e.g. and which are both articulated on the alveolar ridge are homorganic.
9. • (p.63) There is a general rule in American English that whenever occurs after a stressed vowel and before an unstressed syllable other than , it is changed into a voiced sound .
10. tap/ / • (p .63) Many Americans produced as when it occurs after a stressed vowel and before an unstressed vowel. • It’s a quick tap similar to • e.g. city, better, writer(see transcription, p. 63) • For Americans, latter and ladder are not different.
11. , • (p. 65) The English fricatives , are strongly labialized, and , are slightly labialized.
12. aspirated/ pie, tie, kind • Rules for English Consonant Allophones, pp. 72-76 • (2) Voiceless stops (i.e. , , ) are aspirated when they are syllabic initial. (see examples with transcription p. 72) • unaspirated/ spy, style, sky • (5) Voiceless stops , , are unaspirated after (see examples with transcription p. 72)
tenth, wealth • (14) Alveolar consonantsbecomedental consonants when they occur before dental consonants. (see examples with transcription p. 74) • / • (8) The gestures for consecutive stops overlap, so that stops are unexploded when they occur before another stop. (see examples with transcription p. 72)
/ • (10) In many accents of English, is replaced by a glottal stop when it occurs before an alveolar nasal in the same word. as in ‘beaten’(see examples with transcription p. 73) • Probably most Americans and many British speakers have a glottal stop followed by a syllabic nasal in words such as beaten, kitten, fatten (see transcription, p. 61)
/ • (19) The lateral is velarized when after a vowel or before a consonant at the end of a word. (see examples with transcription p. 76) • 13. epenthesis • epenthesis = the insertion of a stop into the middle of a word as in something and youngster (see transcription p. 75) • for many people: prince = prints; tense = tents
14. Rhotic • (p.92) Rhotic accents are the norm in most parts of North America. Standard BBC English is not rhotic. • (*Chapter 7, p. 111) rhotic accent: when the letter ‘r’ appears in the written word after a vowel, the phoneme is used in the pronunciation of the word e.g. ‘car’ (American English, Irish English, and certain British regional accents) • non-rhotic accent: do not pronounce the phoneme e.g. ‘car’ BUT when there is a written ‘r’ at the end of a word and it occurs btw. the two vowel sounds, speakers with non-rhotic accents often use the phoneme to link the preceding vowel to a following one. • e.g. Her English is excellent. Vs Her German is absolutely awful, though.
15. , , , , • (p. 97) Tense vowels long vowels + diphthongs, , , • Lax vowels short vowels ,, • 16. • (p. 94) In American English, the vowel at the end of words with the –er spelling is usually , a very similar quality of , but with added r-coloring.
17. man, twin, sin • Rules for English Vowel Allophones • (p. 99) 5. Vowels are nasalized in syllables closed by a nasal consonant. • e.g. ‘ban’
18. assimilation • (p. 109) assimilation = one sound is changed into another because of the influence of a neighboring sound • e.g. in ‘tenth’ dental because of dental fricative • e.g. across word boundaries: in ‘in the’ and ‘on the’ dental because of dental fricative
19. ‘a’ ‘can’ • (pp. 107-108) Many words seldom maintain their citation form in conversational speech. • They have two different forms: • 1. strong form the word is stressed • e.g. He wanted pie and ice cream, not pie orice cream. • 2. weak form words in an unstressed position • See Table 5.1, p. 108
Rules for weak forms of some words, pp. 108-109 • ‘a’ + consonant • ‘an’ + vowel • ‘the’ • ‘the’ + consonant • ‘the’ + vowel or
‘to’ • ‘to’ + consonant • ‘to’ + vowel or • e.g. The man and the old woman went to Britain and to America. • ‘that’ demonstrative pronoun or subordinate conjunction (homonyms) • ‘that’ demonstrative pronoun ‘that boy and the man’ no weak form • ‘that’ subordinate conjunction ‘he said that women are better’ no weak form • ‘has’ auxiliary verb ‘she’s gone’ • ‘has’ possession or ‘she has nice eyes.’
20. unstressed syllable/ higher • ( Word stress: p. 110) A stressed syllable is often, but not always, louder than an unstressed syllable. • It is usually, but not always, on a higher pitch. • ( Sentence stress: p. 115) English tries to avoid having stresses too close together. Very often stresses on alternate words are dropped in sentences • e.g. “The big brown bear bit ten white mice.” • 21. pitch changes • (p. 116) The intonation of a sentence is the pattern of pitch changes that occurs.
Chapter 7: The Other Aspects of Connected Speech • 1. Assimilation, pp. 109-110 • Some rules for assimilation • 1. ,, often become bilabial before ,, • 2. before or before or • 3. before or • 4. before • 5. before • 6. + • 7. +
Linking and intrusion, p. 111-112 • When two vowel sounds meet, speakers often link them in various ways. • Linking rhotic accent: when the letter ‘r’ appears in the written word after a vowel, the phoneme is used in the pronunciation of the word e.g. ‘car’ (American English, Irish English, and certain British regional accents) • non-rhotic accent: do not pronounce the phoneme e.g. ‘car’ BUT when there is a written ‘r’ at the end of a word and it occurs btw. the two vowel sounds, speakers with non-rhotic accents often use the phoneme to link the preceding vowel to a following one. • See examples, no. 88, p. 111
Intrusive (only for non-rhotic accents) • Where two vowel sounds meet and there is no written letter ‘r’, speakers with non-rhotic accents will still often introduce the the phoneme in order to ease the transition. • when the first word ends in ,,or • See examples no. 89, p. 111
Linking , p. 111 • When a word ends in or a diphthong which finishes with , speakers often introduce a to ease the transition to a following vowel sound. (examples no. 90) Linking , p. 112 • When a word ends in or a diphthong which finishes with , speakers often introduce a to ease the transition to a following vowel sound. (examples no. 91)
