Hsinchun Chen, Ph.D. McClelland Professor of MIS University of Arizona 美國亞歷桑那大學, 陳炘鈞 博士

1. “Achieving Information Resources Empowerment: A Digital Library and Knowledge Management Perspective” Hsinchun Chen, Ph.D. McClelland Professor of MIS University of Arizona 美國亞歷桑那大學, 陳炘鈞博士 • PI, NSF DLI-1, DLI-2, NSDL; Director, Artificial Intelligence Lab • PI, NSF Digital Government Program, ITR • Director, Hoffman E-Commerce Lab; PI, SAP, HP research programs; • Founder, Knowledge Computing Corp.

2. Digital Library: Overview

3. Introduction The Internet is changing the way we live and do business. Opportunities for libraries, governments, and businesses: to better deliver its contents and services and interact with its many constituents – citizens, patrons, businesses, and other government partners. Exciting and innovative transformation could occur with the new technologies and practices: in addition to providing information, communication, and transaction services. Review and comparison: but with more focus on digital library + some examples/case studies

4. Digital Library: Characteristics No need to leave the home or office: information now readily available on-line via digital gateways furnished by a wide variety of information providers. Information is multimedia: electronically available in a wide variety of formats, many of which are large, complex (i.e., video and audio), and often integrated. continue

5. Digital Library: Characteristics (continued) Interface to the Web has evolved from browsing to searching: but the commercial technology has remained largely unchanged from its roots in the 1960s. New research presents new opportunities. Social impact matters as much as technological advancement: DL projects need to examine the broad social, economic, legal, ethical, and cross-cultural contexts and impacts.

6. DLI-1, DLI-2, NSDL, JCDL, ECDL, and ICADL: Towards Building A Global Digital Library NSF Digital Library Initiative Phase 1 (DLI-1), 1994-1998 • NSF CISE/IIS Special Program, $24M, NSF, DARPA, NASA funding; Six projects: Stanford, Berkeley, UCSB, Michigan, CMU, UIUC. • Technology focus, new and rich library content; Bi-annual site visits and project meetings. Special activities: IEEE Computer, CACM, JASIS special issues, and many books and book chapters. continue

7. DLI-1, DLI-2, NSDL, JCDL, ECDL, and ICADL: Towards Building A Global Digital Library (continued) NSF Digital Library Initiative Phase 2 (DLI-2), 1998-2003 • NSF CISE/IIS Special Program, $60M, 1998-; NSF, DARPA, NLM, LoC, NASA, NEH; 20+ projects: Stanford, Berkeley, UCSB, CMU, Arizona, and many others. • Strong focus on integration of technologies, contents, and service. Annual NSF all-PI meeting with JCDL. continue

8. DLI-1, DLI-2, NSDL, JCDL, ECDL, and ICADL: Towards Building A Global Digital Library (continued) National Science Digital Library (NSDL), 2000- • NSF CISE/IIS Special Program, $45M, 60+ projects: Strong education focus in many different application domains. • Annual NSF all-PI meeting in DC. Core Integration effort: Cornell (Open Archive Initiative), UCAR, U. Mass., etc. Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL), 1996- • ACM DL Conferences and IEEE DL Conferences, 1996-2000. •JCDL 2001, Virginia, E. Fox; JCDL 2002, Oregon, G. Marchionini; NSF DLI-2 all-PI meeting held after JCDL. continue

9. DLI-1, DLI-2, NSDL, JCDL, ECDL, and ICADL: Towards Building A Global Digital Library (continued) European Conference on Digital Libraries (ECDL), 1997- • Many working group meetings held in different DL sub-areas. International Conference of Asian Digital Libraries (ICADL), 1998- • ICADL 1998, Hong Kong, J. Yen; ICADL 1999, Taipei, Taiwan, Hsueh-hua Chen; ICADL 2000, Seoul, Korea, Key-Sun Choi; ICADL 2001, Bangalore, India, Shalini R. Urs (600 people); ICADL 2002, Singapore, S. Foo and E. Lim (450 people); ICADL 2003, KL, Malaysia, Baba •Local content, cultural heritage, education and deployment, multilingual retrieval, other new technologies; Many other national programs: China, India, Russia, Japan, etc.

10. Digital Library: Challenges Cultural and historical heritage: Many digital library and museum collections contain artifacts that are fragile, precious, and of historical significance. Heterogeneity of content and media types: Digital library collections have the widest range of content and media types, ranging from 3D chemical structures to tornado simulation models, from the statue of David to paintings of Van Gogh. continue

11. Digital Library: Challenges (continued) Intellectual property issues: Unlike digital government or e-commerce applications that often derive their own content, digital libraries provide content management and retrieval services to many different information creators. Cost and sustainability issues: Many patrons often would like library services to be “free” or at least extremely affordable. Universal access and international collaboration: Digital library content is often of interest to not just people in one region, but possibly all over the world.

12. Digital Government and E-Commerce: Overview

13. Digital Government: Characteristics Multi-faceted roles of Federal Government: Government as a major user of information technologies, a collector and maintainer of very large data sets, and a provider of critical and often unique information services to individuals, states, businesses, and other customers. Potential for nearly ubiquitous access: to government information services by citizen/customers Re-inventing the government: Enhancements derived from new information technology-based services can be expected to contribute to reinvented and economical government services, and more productive government employees.

14. Digital Government: US Government Goes Electronic 1986 Brooks Act amended: reducing government costs through volume buying, including IT purchases. 1996 Information Technology Management Reform Act: Establishing the CIO position to manage IT resources. 1998 WebGov portal: announced in August 1998, failed and replaced by FirstGov portal after technology donation from Inktomi. 2000 Federal Rehabilitation Act: Requiring all IT products be accessible to the disabled. continue

15. Digital Government: US Government Goes Electronic (continued) 2000 FirstGov portal unveiled in June 2000. 2001 National Security Telecommunications and Information Systems Security Policy No. 11: Mandating off-the-shelf software used in defense be evaluated by an approved third party (NSA). 2001 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA): Requiring health care information in compliance with privacy regulations 2002 E-Government Act: Funding additional e-government initiatives and creating Office of Electronic Government.

16. Digital Government: Research Programs NSF DG Program, 1998- : areas such as: law enforcement information sharing, citizen access to government statistical data, and comprehensive emergency management; Digital Government Research Center (DGRC) and annual NSF-sponsored Digital Government Conference (DG.O) EU: areas such as: online public service for information content; politics, e-democracy, e-voting; transactions, security, and digital signatures for e-government. Other regions: Many ongoing e-government (G2C) initiatives have also emerged in Asia and Pan-Pacific countries such as: China, Singapore, Japan, Korea, India, New Zealand, Australia, etc. E-government projects in Latin American countries have also been reported.

17. Digital Government: Challenges E-commerce is not at the heart of e-government: The core task of government is governance, the job of regulating society, not marketing and sales. Organizational and cultural inertia: Most government entities are not known for their efficiency or willingness to adopt changes. Government laws and legal regulations: Although well-intended, such laws and regulations often inhibit innovation or thinking “out-of-the-box.”

18. Digital Government: Challenges (continued) Security and privacy issues: Government-provided services have an extra burden of guaranteeing security and privacy for citizens. Disparate and out-dated information infrastructure and systems: Many government departments at all levels often face budget shortfalls for years. Lack of IT funding and personnel: Some government units (local, state, and federal) are affluent, but most are not. IT spending often is not a priority.

19. E-Commerce: Characteristics Business/commercial initiatives: From Fortune 500 companies to Internet start-ups, from self-funded dotcoms to ventures funded by influential VCs (unlike digital library or digital government research). Quick evolution and extensive coverage in many magazines and newspapers: Business Process Re-Engineering (BPR), Total Quality Management (TQM), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Supply-Chain Management (SCM), Knowledge Management (KM), Customer Relation Management (CRM), etc.

20. E-Commerce: Challenges Internet time or library/government time: In a competitive business environment, “Internet time” often demands a business to act on its instinct and to take risks. Build it, but will they come: With the intense business pressure to perform and significant injection of funding (at least before the Internet bubble burst), many companies invest significantly in major Internet-based e-commerce infrastructure and product initiatives. True innovations or marketing hypes: With the fast moving and sometimes impulsive business behaviors, marketing hypes are often disguised as true innovations.

21. The Information-Communication-Transaction-Transformation (ICTT) Continuum: The Path to Innovation Information: content (e-library) Communication: interaction (e-government) Transaction: process and rule (e-commerce) Transformation: innovation (all)

22. ICTT: Information Definition: Library, government or business “information” is created, categorized, and indexed and delivered to its target audiences through the Internet. Core competency of digital library research and services: metadata generation, data creation and management, content management, interoperability, system interfaces, etc. Many early G2C (government-to-citizen), G2B (government-to-business), and B2C services deliver information only: governments and business portals act as information (about regulations and products) providers.

23. ICTT: Communication Definition: E-services support two-way “communication,” whereby customers or citizens can communicate their needs or requests through web forms, email, or other Internet media. Core function for e-government: by providing effective communication channels to citizens. Many early B2C, G2C and G2B applications quickly evolved into such communication services: by adding simple web-based groupware functionalities such as web forms, email, bulletin boards, chat rooms, etc. Computer-Supported Collaborative Systems (or groupware) and recommender systems: can significantly improve communication services for all digital library, digital government, and e-commerce applications.

24. ICTT: Transaction Definition: Citizens and businesses are supported in conducting “transactions.” Transaction is the essence of e-commerce: “You are not successful unless they buy.” Many businesses support transactions among their suppliers (B2B) or customers (B2C) through ERP, SCM, and CRM systems. Digital government could support “citizen transactions:” such as income tax filing & returns, municipal service requests and tracking, business license applications and payments, etc. Significant adaptation needed for e-government and digital library: to be cost-effective for non-commercial applications. (Most governments and libraries cannot afford SAP R3!)

25. ICTT Continuum: Transformation Definition: There is an opportunity for “transformation” for libraries, government agencies, and businesses through new technologies. Digital libraries: Traditional libraries need to re-examine their content management and service delivery assumptions and practices. E-Commerce: Business consulting professionals are creating new methodology and best practices to take advantage of the new business opportunities. E-government: New information technologies and innovative processes could significantly enhance many facets of the governments, e.g., e-politics and e-voting, law enforcement and litigation support, etc.

26. Knowledge Management: Overview

27. Data: 1980s Factual Structured, numeric Oracle, Sybase, DB2 Information: 1990s Factual Yahoo!, Excalibur, Unstructured, textual Verity, Documentum Knowledge: 2000s Inferential, sensemaking, decision making Multimedia ??? Unit of Analysis

28. According to Alter (1996), Tobin (1996), and Beckman (1999): Data: Facts, images, or sounds (+interpretation+meaning =) Information: Formatted, filtered, and summarized data (+action+application =) Knowledge: Instincts, ideas, rules, and procedures that guide actions and decisions Data, Information and Knowledge:

29. Ontologies, hierarchies, and subject headings Knowledge management systems and practices: knowledge maps Digital libraries, search engines, web mining, text mining, data mining, CRM, eCommerce Semantic web, multilingual web, multimedia web, and wireless web Application and Societal Relevance :

30. The Third Wave of Net Evolution 2010 ARPANET Internet “SemanticWeb” Function Server Access Info Access Knowledge Access 1995 Unit Server File/Homepage Concepts 1975 2000 Example Email WWW: “World Wide Wait” Concept Protocols 1985 1965 Company IBM Microsoft/Netscape ???

31. Knowledge Management Definition “The system and managerial approach to collecting, processing, and organizing enterprise-specific knowledge assets for business functions and decision making.”

32. “… making high-value corporate information and knowledge easily available to support decision making at the lowest, broadest possible levels …” Personnel Turn-over Organizational Resistance Manual Top-down Knowledge Creation Information Overload Knowledge Management Challenges

33. Research Community NSF / DARPA / NASA, Digital Library Initiative I & II, NSDL ($120M) NSF, Digital Government Initiative ($60M) NSF, Knowledge Networking Initiative ($50M) NSF, Information Technology Research ($300M) Business Community Intellectual Capital, Corporate Memory, Knowledge Chain, Competitive Intelligence Knowledge Management Landscape

34. Enabling Technologies: Information Retrieval (Excalibur, Verity, Oracle Context) Electronic Document Management (Documentum, PC DOCS) Internet/Intranet (Yahoo!, Excite) Groupware (Lotus Notes, MS Exchange, Ventana) Consulting and System Integration: Best practices, human resources, organizational development, performance metrics, methodology, framework, ontology (Delphi, E&Y, Arthur Andersen, AMS, KPMG) Knowledge Management Foundations

35. Process perspective (management and behavior): consulting practices, methodology, best practices, e-learning, culture/reward, existing IT  new information, old IT, new but manual process Information perspective (information and library sciences): content management, manual ontologies  new information, manual process Knowledge Computing perspective (text mining, artificial intelligence): automated knowledge extraction, thesauri, knowledge maps  new IT, new knowledge, automated process Knowledge Management Perspectives:

36. Human Resources Cultural Best Practices Databases Learning / Education ePortals Consulting Methodology Tech Foundation Infrastructure Content/Info Structure Content Mgmt Email KMS Analysis Ontology Notes User Modeling Search Engine Data Mining Text Mining KM Perspectives

37. Dataware Technologies (1) Identify the Business Problem (2) Prepare for Change (3) Create a KM Team (4) Perform the Knowledge Audit and Analysis (5) Define the Key Features of the Solution (6) Implement the Building Blocks for KM (7) Link Knowledge to People

38. Anderson Consulting (1) Acquire (2) Create (3) Synthesize (4) Share (5) Use to Achieve Organizational Goals (6) Environment Conducive to Knowledge Sharing

39. Ernst & Young (1) Knowledge Generation (2) Knowledge Representation (3) Knowledge Codification (4) Knowledge Application

40. KM Architecture (Source: GartnerGroup) Web UI Web Browser Knowledge Maps Enterprise Knowledge Architecture Knowledge Retrieval Conceptual Physical KR Functions Text and Database Drivers Application Index Database Indexes Text Indexes “Workgroup” Applications Databases Applications Distributed Object Models Intranet and Extranet Network Services Platform Services

41. KR Functions Knowledge Retrieval Level (Source: GartnerGroup) Concept “Yellow Pages” Retrieved Knowledge • Clustering — categorization “table of contents” • Semantic Networks “index” • Dictionaries • Thesauri • Linguistic analysis • Data extraction • Collaborative filters • Communities • Trusted advisor • Expert identification Semantic Value “Recommendation” Collaboration

42. Knowledge Retrieval Vendor Direction(Source: GartnerGroup) Market Target Newbies: IR Leaders: • grapeVINE • Sovereign Hill • CompassWare • Intraspect • KnowledgeX • WiseWire • • Lycos • • Autonomy • • Perspecta • Verity • Fulcrum • Excalibur • Dataware Knowledge Retrieval NewBies IR Leaders Niche Players: • • IDI • Oracle • • Open Text • • Folio • • IBM • • InText • PCDOCS • Documentum Lotus Netscape* Technology Innovation Microsoft Niche Players * Not yet marketed Content Experience

43. KM Software Vendors Challengers Leaders Lotus * Microsoft * Dataware * Autonomy* * Verity * IBM * Excalibur Ability to Execute Netscape * Documentum* PCDOCS/* Fulcrum IDI* Inference* OpenText* Lycos/InMagic* CompassWare* GrapeVINE* KnowledgeX* * InXight WiseWire* SovereignHill* Semio* *Intraspect Visionaries Niche Players Completeness of Vision

44. U. Mass: Sovereign Hill MIT Media Lab: Perspecta Xerox PARC: InXight Batelle: ThemeMedia U. Waterloo: OpenText Cambridge U. Autonomy U. Arizona: Knowledge Computing Corporation (KCC) From Federal Research to Commercial Start-ups

45. Structured Manual Human-driven Unstructured System-aided Data/Info-driven Two Approaches to Codifying Knowledge Top-Down Approach Bottom-Up Approach

46. Information Resources Empowerment: DG and KM as Catalyst Examples and Case Studies

47. Medical Portal and Informatics: Goal: A “knowledge” portal for medical researchers in US and the world. Content/Information: Comprehensive, high quality medical-related content: NLM databases, evidence-based medical databases Key Features: Comprehensive medical resources and ontologies Automatic medical thesaurus (48.5M terms) and medical knowledge map (MED Map and Cancer Map) Scalable for multilingual support: English, Chinese, Spanish, Arabic Funding: NSF DLI2 Program + NIH NLM Medical Informatics Program (S. Griffin + A. McCray)

48. Enter search term Select relevant search terms New terms are posted Search again... Or find relevant content Consulting HelpfulMED Cancer Space (Thesaurus)

49. 1 Visual Site Browser Top level map 2 3 Diagnosis, Differential 4 Brain Neoplasms 5 Brain Tumors Browsing HelpfulMED Cancer Map

50. Browsing Taiwan Health Map