Types of industry

1. Types of industry Primary – where raw materials are taken from the ground or sea e.g. Farming, fishing, mining Secondary – manufacturing/making industries, where raw materials are made into products e.g. Steel Industry, car manufacturing Tertiary – the service industry, where people provide a service e.g. Teaching, shop keepers, footballers Quaternary – the hi – tech industry, where research takes place using computers

2. Industry Links Primary – Farming for milk and cocoa beans Secondary – Biscuit manufacturer e.g. McVities Tertiary – ASDA Quaternary – Food Additive Researcher

3. Industry as a System There are three parts – Input, Process and Outputs Inputs include:- Raw materials, energy, labour, capital (money), government grants and transport. Process’ include:- Work done by people and machines Outputs include:- Waste gases, liquid and solid wastes, goods for sale, items to transport.

4. Industry structure in an MEDC and an LEDC

5. Location Factors Capital (money) Transport Raw materials Power Government Labour Relief – Flat land Market

6. Location Factors 2 The type of industry will also effect its location Heavy industry will try to locate near to raw materials or power Light industry is Footloose, it is free to locate where it wants to, often by transport links. High – tech industry will need highly skilled labour Perishable industries will need to be near transport and/or market.

7. Footloose Industries These are industries that do not have a dominating location factor. They are free to locate where they wish. Many are found in business and science parks and along the M4 Corridor.

8. Multinationals Is a company which has branches in several countries regardless of national boundaries e.g. Nike, Ford, Coca Cola They are also called Transnational Corporations (TNC’s) Headquarters are usually in MEDC’s Manufacturing is usually in LEDC’s or NIC’s as wages are lower

9. Advantages and Disadvantages of Multinationals Advantages Brings work to LEDC’s Improves levels of skills of people Brings investment Disadvantages - Wages are usually low - Few local workers are employed - Most of the profits go overseas

10. Business and Science Parks Business Parks - estates of a mixture of industries such as retail outlets, distribution warehouses. E.g. Gloucester Business Park in Brockworth. Are often located on the edge of cities because land is cheap and access to transport is good. Science Parks – estates of modern usually footloose industries e.g. Computers which are located on the edge of cities with links to a university. E.g. Cambridge Science Park They locate near to universities to make the most of skilled research Land is cheaper and greener on the edge of cities. Access to transport routes is better.

11. The M4 Corridor The M4 links Wales to London Why have industries developed here? Pleasant surroundings Excellent links to airports and rest of the world e.g. Heathrow Near to highly skilled labour at universities e.g. Bath, Oxford Influential companies have located there e.g. Rolls Royce, British Aerospace

12. NIC’s and South Korea NIC stands for Newly Industrialising Country NIC’s will have a large by secondary industry as they begin to industrialise Receive money from MEDC’s Will pay cheap wages Communications (transport) are improved in the country Over time the workforce will improve their skills and make electrical goods. People earn more money so the tertiary sector grows.

13. South Wales and the Steel Industry The Steel industry is an example of a secondary industry. South Wales is in the UK Steel industry originally located in South Wales due to large quantities of the raw materials – these are coal, iron ore and limestone. Also had access to the large markets through the British Empire Good sources of labour from Cornwall and Wales The majority of the factories were located inland near to the raw materials to reduce transport costs.

14. South Wales and the Steel Industry The steel industry declined, many closed, some moved to the coast. The main factory today is called Port Talbot. Why move? The raw materials began to run out. The coal became hard and expensive to get to. On the coast the companies could bring in cheap imports from abroad e.g. USA and Australia.

15. The Rhine Rhur Region and Heavy Industry The Rhine Rhur region is in Germany in Europe. The region is ideal for heavy industry as there are many raw materials there. E.g. coal. Industries there are power stations, iron and steel making, cars, textiles and chemicals. The large river Rhine is ideal for transport. Problems – Many secondary jobs have been lost causing unemployment, pollution levels are high.

16. Industry and the Environment Problems caused C02 and S02 into atmosphere Chemicals into rivers Green house effect Traffic congestion Social Problems for cities

17. Industry and the Environment Solutions to problems Cleaner energy production Cleaner transport methods Promotion of shared lifts to work Cleaner emissions from factories

18. Industrial Decline When industry shuts down it can cause many social problems. Unemployment, pollution, social depravation, people may lose homes, shops can shut down, decline in house prices and breakdowns of communities. Can require government help to solve these problems.

19. How industry has changed in MEDC’s and LEDC’s Industries in MEDC’s have tended to change from secondary to tertiary and the quaternary sector has grown. This took place because LEDC’s offer cheaper labour for manufacturing. Tertiary has grown as more people earn more money. Industries in LEDC’s have tended to change from primary to secondary and the tertiary will start to grow. This because foreign companies, often Multinationals will set up factories in them.

20. How Government effects Industry Local Agenda 21 – Where local Governments have encouraged industry to be greener and more sustainable. Kyoto Accord – A Global initiative to reduce the emissions of gases that cause pollution. Sustainability