Ecology

1. Ecology Video What's biology got to do with it?

2. Chapter 2 Section 1 Vocabulary • Ecology- the study of interactions of living organisms with one another and with their physical environment (soil, water, climate, etc) • Biosphere- portion of the earth that supports life • Biotic factors- the organisms in a habitat (living factors) • Abiotic factors- the physical aspects of a habitat (non-living factors) • Population- all of the individuals of a species that live together in one place at one time • Ecosystem- aka ecological system; consists of a community and all the physical aspects of its habitat (soil, water, weather, etc) • Biome- a large group of ecosystems that share the same type of climate and have similar types of communities • Habitat- the place where a particular population of a species lives • Niche- the functional role of a particular species in an ecosystem; how an organism lives; the “job” it performs within the ecosystem • Predation- the act of one organism killing another for food • Symbiosis- two or more species living together in a close, long-term association • Mutualism- a symbiotic relationship in which both participating species benefits • Commensalism- a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped • Parasitism- one organism feeds on and usually lives on or in another, typically larger, organism; usually do not kill their prey (or “host”) because they depend on them for food and a place to live

3. Ecology- • the study of interactions of living organisms with one another and with their physical environment (soil, water, climate, etc)

4. Biosphere- portion of the earth that supports life

5. Biotic factors- the organisms in a habitat (living factors) Abiotic factors- the physical aspects of a habitat (non-living factors)

6. Sequence the abiotic and biotic factors. Write abiotic or biotic in each square. 1. lack of rainfall 3. certain plants die 2. dry soil 4. rivers dry up 5. animals do not reproduce 6. the population of a species diminishes

7. Sequence the abiotic and biotic factors. Write abiotic or biotic in each square. 1. lack of rainfall abiotic 3. certain plants die biotic 2. dry soil abiotic 4. rivers dry up abiotic 5. animals do not reproduce biotic 6. the population of a species diminishes biotic

8. Population- • all of the individuals of a species that live together in one place at one time

9. Ecosystem • - aka ecological system; consists of a community and all the physical aspects of its habitat (soil, water, weather, etc)

11. Biome- • a large group of ecosystems that share the same type of climate and have similar types of communities

12. Habitat- the place where a particular population of a species lives

13. Niche- • the functional role of a particular species in an ecosystem; how an organism lives; the “job” it performs within the ecosystem

14. niche • A polar bear will wait by air holes dug in the ice for a seal to pop its head up for a breath; the polar bear then kills the animal quickly. • Arctic foxes are small canines that feed on small mammals and birds; they also take carrion when found. When hunting is good, an Arctic fox will bury excess kills in the snow. This works as a freezer for leaner times. Ravens often raid these stockpiles of food.

15. Predation- • the act of one organism killing another for food

16. Symbiosis- • two or more species living together in a close, long-term association

17. Mutualism - a symbiotic relationship in which both participating species benefits

18. mutualism

19. Commensalism- a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped

20. commensalism

21. Parasitism- • one organism feeds on and usually lives on or in another, typically larger, organism; usually do not kill their prey (or “host”) because they depend on them for food and a place to live

22. Section 2 Vocabulary • Autotrophs/ Producers- Organisms that first capture energy and make energy storing molecules; plants, algae, and cyanobacteria • Heterotrophs /Consumers- those organisms that consume plants or other organisms to obtain the energy necessary to build their molecules • Herbivore- • Carnivore- • Omnivores- animals that are considered both herbivores and carnivores, such as bears • Detritovores- organisms that obtain their energy from the organic wastes and dead bodies that are produced at every trophic level (bacteria, fungi, worms) • Trophic level- a level in an ecosystem that organisms are placed in to show where they got their energy from and where their energy will then go; energy moves from one trophic level to another • Food chain- the path of energy through the trophic levels of an ecosystem (sun producersprimary consumersecondary consumertertiary consumer) • Food web- complicated, interconnected group of food chains that shows the different trophic levels that individual organisms can feed at • Biomass- the dry weight of tissue and other organic matter found in a specific ecosystem; each level higher on the pyramid contains only 10% of the biomass found in the trophic level below it.

23. Autotrophs/ Producers- • Organisms that first capture energy and make energy storing molecules; plants, algae, and cyanobacteria

24. Heterotrophs /Consumers- • those organisms that consume plants or other organisms to obtain the energy necessary to build their molecules

25. Herbivore- • herbivores: eat only plants

26. Carnivore- • carnivores: eat only animals

27. Omnivores- animals that are considered both herbivores and carnivores, such as bears

29. Detritovores- organisms that obtain their energy from the organic wastes and dead bodies that are produced at every trophic level (bacteria, fungi, worms)

30. detritovore • millipedes, woodlice, dung flies, slugs, many terrestrial worms, sea stars, fiddler crabs, and some sedentary polychaetes

31. Scavengers obtain energy by eating dead animalsDecomposers obtain energy by breaking down dead organic matter

32. Trophic level- a level in an ecosystem that organisms are placed in to show where they got their energy from and where their energy will then go; energy moves from one trophic level to another

33. Food chain- the path of energy through the trophic levels of an ecosystem (sun producersprimary consumersecondary consumertertiary consumer)

34. Food web- complicated, interconnected group of food chains that shows the different trophic levels that individual organisms can feed at

35. Biomass- • the dry weight of tissue and other organic matter found in a specific ecosystem; each level higher on the pyramid contains only 10% of the biomass found in the trophic level below it.

36. Food web

37. Copy this chart into you notes

38. Use the diagram to complete the Table. Classify each member of the food web as autotroph or heterotroph, and identify the heterotrophs as herbivores, carnivores, or omnivores

39. Section 3 Vocabulary • Biogeochemical cycle- the paths of water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous passing from the nonliving environment to living organisms and then back to the nonliving environment. • Notes: • Bio : for the living things it passes through • Geo: for the non living things it passes into and out of… • Cycle: that it continuously moves

40. 2. Nitrogen fixation- the process of combining nitrogen with hydrogen to form ammonia. Notes: mostly bacteria that provide this process. Symbiotic bacteria can be found on the root nodules of plants. Lightning can also cause this. 3. Denitrification- when Nitrogen is released back into the cycle when denitrifying bacteria convert NO3- into N2 • Notes: bacteria cause this. Releases gas.

41. Carbon Cycle • Carbon is required for the building of all organic compounds. All living things contain carbon

42. Carbon cycle

43. Carbon cycle

44. Carbon cycle

45. A. Burning of fossil fuels F. Carbon Dioxide in atmosphere E. Industry & Agriculture I. Calcium carbonates in rocks and shells B. Death, decomposition C. Photosynthesis D. Respiration J. Precipitation H. Carbon Dioxide dissolved in water G. Carbon compounds converted to fossil fuels B. Death, decomposition

46. Hydrologic Cycle (Water Cycle)

47. Nitrogen Cycle • Nitrogen is required for the manufacture of all amino acids and nucleic acids . (proteins) It is also found in DNA • Nitrogen Fixation is a process which occurs in prokaryotes in which N2 is converted to (NH4+). Atmospheric nitrogen can also undergo nitrogen fixation by lighting and UV radiation and become NO3-. the average organism can not use atmospheric nitrogen for these tasks, but which is where most nitrogen is found!

48. Nitrogen Cycle

49. During nitrification, ammonia is converted into nitrite, and nitrite is converted into nitrate. • Nitrification occurs in various bacteria. In the final stage, plants absorb ammonia and nitrate and incorporate it into their metabolic pathways..

50. Nitrogen Cycle