Audio-Visual English Course (2008-2009 1st Semester)

1. Audio-Visual English Course (2008-2009 1st Semester) Unit 7 How Are You Feeling 2nd Class

2. Section 1 Sentence Structure Activity 1 Write down the sentences you hear. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

3. Section 1 Sentence Structure Activity 2 Write down the difficult sentences you hear. 1. 2.

4. Section 1 Sentence Structure Activity 1 Write down the sentences you hear. Keys for reference • 1. On that day I met a keen film fan. • 2. We were able to see all the rare films, which the others seldom see. • 3. The club president, who was an old man, asked Bob to operate the projector. • 4. We could not understand the film, which was shown last night. • 5. The man who helped the president was an engineer. • 6. I forgot the name of the opera he told me about. • 7. John Wei, who acted as a cowboy in the Western film was a famous American film star. • 8. Mr. Jackson is the professor that Bill telephoned.

5. Section 1 Sentence Structure Activity 2 Write down the difficult sentences you hear. Keys for reference • 1. It is very rarely that you will be lucky enough to get a ticket five minutes before the play begins. • 2. Obviously the central rows go first. I’ve got row N 26-29, or O 1-4. In fact if you wouldn’t mind sitting two and two, there are some central ones.

6. Section 2 Interactive Listening Task 2 • Activity 1 Listen as the dialogue continues. The dialogue is not printed in your book. As you listen, answer the following questions. • 1. What is the matter with Mark? • 2. What has Mark already taken? • 3. What advice does Susan give him? • 4. Why does Mark say that he should leave? • 5. What does Susan give Mark and why?

7. Section 2 Interactive Listening Task 2 • Activity 2 Listen to the dialogue again for the meanings of the Words and phrases as they are used in the dialogue. Write your explanations on the lines after each word or phrase below. • symptom: • runny nose: • to catch a cold: • to gargle:

8. Section 2 Interactive Listening Task 2 • Activity 2 Listen to the dialogue again for the meanings of the Words and phrases as they are used in the dialogue. Write your explanations on the lines after each word or phrase below. • symptom: signs of sickness • runny nose: when there is discharge from the nose • to catch a cold: get a cold • to gargle: to rinse嗽口at the back of your throat without swallowing • feel awful symptom runny nose • sore throat ache all over • have you taken anything for it • cough drops take some cold medicine fluids Vitamin C vital survive • chicken noodle soup • gargle含漱剂, 漱口药 saltwater

9. Section 2 Interactive Listening Task 2 • Activity 3 Watch the visual version and simulate the dialogue so as to give a performance in pairs. • Mark: Ohhh.... • Susan: Mark, what’s the matter? • Mark: I feel awful. I think I' m getting sick. • Susan: What are your symptoms? • Mark: Well, I’ve got a headache, a runny nose, and a sore throat. I feel really tired and my • body aches all over. • Susan: Hmmm, it sounds like you've got a bad cold. Have you taken anything for it? • Mark: I’ve been taking cough drops for my throat, and I took some cold medicine.

10. Section 2 Interactive Listening Task 2 • Susan: That' s a good start. If I were you I' d try to get some extra rest. You should also drink • plenty of fluids and take some extra Vitamin C. • Mark: Okay. Maybe I should go home now so you don't catch a cold too! • Susan: Before you go, let me make you some of my mother's famous chicken noodle soup. • When I was young she used to make it for me whenever I got sick. I think it really helps. • Mark: Thanks! My mom used to make me gar-with saltwater whenever I had a sore throat, but I think the soup will taste much better.

11. Section 2 Interactive Listening Task 2 • Activity 4 Topics for discussion • 1. In order to prevent a cold I think you should … eat well wear warm clothes avoid sick people get plenty of rest wash your hands frequently To avoid catching a cold you should be careful not to … go outside without a jacket stay outside without a jacket stay outside too long in winter be around people who are sick be around people who don’t cover up their mouths when they cough

12. Section 2 Interactive Listening Task 2 • Activity 4 Topics for discussion • 2. In one time, my uncle got sick. His symptoms were … headache stomachache upset stomach rash fever chills cough sore muscles Last year, when my … got sick, I … give medicine call the doctor prepare special food • 3. I think it’s important to go to the doctor regularly because … doctors can detect health problems doctors can tell you how to stay healthy doctors can prescribe any medicine you might need I don’t think it’s necessary to go to the doctor very often because … doctors are expensive Chinese herbal remedies are better than drugs you might catch something from the sick people in the waiting room

13. Section 3 A VOA Story Want to Stay Warm in Winter? Think COLD Activity 1 Here is a VOA report. Listen to the recording for the overall meaning. 1.? 2.? 3.? 4.?

14. Section 3 A VOA Story Want to Stay Warm in Winter? Think COLD Getting ready for the snow

15. Section 3 A VOA Story Want to Stay Warm in Winter? Think COLD • Winter in many places means ice skating, sledding and snowball fights. But unless someone is prepared, outdoor fun can also mean frostbite and hypothermia. Today we talk about how to stay warm, dry and safe. • Frostbite is damage that happens when skin is exposed to extreme cold for too long. It mainly happens on the hands, feet, nose and ears. • People with minor cases of frostbite that affect only the skin may not suffer any permanent damage. But if deeper tissue is affected, a person is likely to feel pain every time the area gets cold.

16. Section 3 A VOA Story Want to Stay Warm in Winter? Think COLD • If blood vessels are damaged, people can suffer an infection, gangrene. Sometimes, doctors have to remove frostbitten areas like fingers and toes. • Hypothermia happens when the body cannot produce as much heat as it loses. The condition comes on slowly. Signs include uncontrollable shaking, unusually slow breathing and difficulty thinking clearly. If not treated, hypothermia can be deadly. • The best way to avoid cold-related injuries is to be prepared for the outdoors. Here is a simple way to remember four basic steps to staying warm. Think of COLD -- C.O.L.D.

17. Section 3 A VOA Story Want to Stay Warm in Winter? Think COLD • The C stands for cover. Wear a hat and scarf to keep heat from escaping through the head, neck and ears. And wear mittens instead of gloves. Gloves may not keep hands as warm because they separate the fingers. • The O stands for overexertion. Avoid activities that will make you sweaty. Wet clothes and cold weather are a bad mix. • L is for layers. Wearing loose, lightweight clothes, one layer on top of another, is better than a single heavy layer of clothing. Also, make sure outerwear is made of water resistant and tightly knit material.

18. Section 3 A VOA Story Want to Stay Warm in Winter? Think COLD • Can you guess what the D in COLD stands for? D is for dry. In other words, stay as dry as possible. Pay attention to the places where snow can enter, like the tops of boots, the necks of coats and the wrist areas of mittens. • And a couple of other things to keep in mind, one for children and the other for adults. Eating snow might be fun but it lowers the body's temperature. And drinking alcohol might make a person feel warm, but what it really does is weaken the body's ability to hold heat. • Next week, experts talk about what to do, and not to do, to help someone injured by extreme cold. • And that's the VOA Special English Report, written by Caty Weaver. For more health news, along with transcripts and MP3s of our reports, go to www.unsv.com. I'm Faith Lapidus.

19. Section 3 A VOA Story All About Diabetes What It Is, How It Is Treated, and What People Can Do to Prevent It • And I'm Bob Doughty. Today, we tell about the disease diabetes. The United Nations World Health Organization says diabetes killed more than one million people around the world in two thousand five. The W.H.O. says the disease was also involved in many other deaths. It warns that deaths linked to diabetes are likely to increase by more than fifty percent in the next ten years without urgent action. • (MUSIC)

20. Section 3 A VOA Story All About Diabetes • VOICE ONE: • Diabetes is the name for a medical condition in which too much glucose, or sugar, builds up in the blood. Diabetes develops when the body does not make enough of the hormone insulin or makes no insulin at all. It also can develop when the body is not able to use the insulin that is made. • The body changes food into a sugar called glucose. Glucose enters the blood and is taken to cells in all parts of the body. Insulin helps the muscles, organs and tissues take in the glucose and change it into energy.

21. Section 3 A VOA Story All About Diabetes • VOICE TWO: • The pancreas is the organ that produces insulin. When too much glucose is in the blood, the pancreas produces the necessary insulin and sends it into the blood. The insulin reduces the level of blood sugar by letting it enter cells. • Diabetes is present when too much glucose remains in the blood and does not enter cells. If the amount of glucose in the blood remains too high, it begins to damage the body. • Over time, diabetes can cause blindness, kidney disease, and nerve damage. High glucose levels in the blood also can lead to strokes and heart disease. Blood flow also is affected, especially in the legs. Often, victims of diabetes must have a foot or even a leg removed because of problems linked to the disease. Diabetes patients are more likely than other people to die of heart disease or kidney failure. • (MUSIC)

22. Section 3 A VOA Story All About Diabetes • VOICE ONE: • There are two main kinds of diabetes: type one and type two. Type one diabetes generally affects children and young people. It results from a lack of insulin production. The exact cause is not known. But some experts believe the body's defenses against disease for some reason destroy the cells that produce insulin. • Signs of the disease may develop suddenly. People suffering from type one Diabetes may develop a strong desire for food or something to drink. Other signs are increased production of liquid wastes, loss of body weight, changes in eyesight and feeling extremely tired. • People with type one diabetes almost always need daily injections of insulin. Diabetes patients must always know their blood sugar levels. When glucose levels are too high, they must use insulin to reduce them. Type one patients must inject insulin every day, often several times. Type two patients may use medicines that help reduce their glucose levels. • (MUSIC)

23. Section 3 A VOA Story All About Diabetes • VOICE TWO: • The World Health Organization estimates that about ninety percent of people with diabetes worldwide have type two. This kind of diabetes was seen only in adults until recently. It is now being increasingly seen in children who are very fat. • Most people with type two diabetes are overweight and need physical exercise. Their bodies cannot produce enough insulin to reduce glucose levels in their blood. Or their bodies do not react correctly to the insulin being produced.

24. Section 3 A VOA Story All About Diabetes • Signs of type two diabetes are similar to those of type one. But experts say many people with type two diabetes have no signs. As a result, the disease may not be recognized until after the patient has already begun to develop medical problems.

25. Section 3 A VOA Story All About Diabetes • The World Health Organization estimates that about ninety percent of people with diabetes worldwide have type two. This kind of diabetes was seen only in adults until recently. It is now being increasingly seen in children who are very fat. • Most people with type two diabetes are overweight and need physical exercise. Their bodies cannot produce enough insulin to reduce glucose levels in their blood. Or their bodies do not react correctly to the insulin being produced. • Signs of type two diabetes are similar to those of type one. But experts say many people with type two diabetes have no signs. As a result, the disease may not be recognized until after the patient has already begun to develop medical problems.

26. Section 3 A VOA Story All About Diabetes • VOICE ONE: • Steve Fuchs is a dental health expert who lives in Washington, D.C. When he was fifty years old, he became concerned about an unusual feeling in his feet. So he went to a foot doctor. The doctor said the unusual feeling could be an early sign of diabetes. He urged Mister Fuchs to seek immediate medical help. • The foot doctor was correct. Steve Fuchs was found to have type two diabetes. Steve says he was not really surprised because his father and other family members also had the disease.

27. Section 3 A VOA Story All About Diabetes • VOICE TWO: • Experts say genes seem to be important in the development of diabetes. They say that about ninety percent of those with type two diabetes have family members who also had the disease. • In recent years, scientists have found several genes linked to type two diabetes. Some also are linked to being extremely overweight. Medical experts say people with type two diabetes can take steps to help their cells get more glucose from the blood. This can be done with medicine, increased physical exercise and dietary changes.

28. Section 3 A VOA Story All About Diabetes • VOICE ONE: • Allison Brown is a mother of two young children. She lives with her family in Cleveland, Ohio. She discovered her extremely high blood sugar levels a few years ago after a blood test required by an insurance company. She had never experienced any signs of diabetes. • Miz Brown says she was fairly surprised to learn the test results. But at the same time she was not shocked because her grandmother and great grandmother also had diabetes. • Her doctor immediately treated her with medicine to reduce her blood sugar levels. She began exercising more and changed her diet. Today, Miz Brown takes medicine and eats no carbohydrates or sugar and not a lot of fruit. Carbohydrates such as potatoes, pasta and rice appear in the blood as sugar. And many kinds of fruit enter the blood as sugar.

29. Section 3 A VOA Story All About Diabetes • VOICE TWO: • Allison Brown measured her blood sugar levels even more carefully when she became pregnant. She says pregnancy can be dangerous for a diabetic person without medical supervision. • She visited her doctors often and had many tests. She also began injecting insulin instead of taking pills to control her blood sugar. She changed back to taking the medicine after each of her children was born. • Miz Brown says it is important for people to measure their blood sugar levels so diabetes can be discovered before it begins to damage the body. She says diabetes changes your life, but you will be healthier as a result of medical treatment.

30. Section 3 A VOA Story All About Diabetes • VOICE ONE: • Allison Brown knew she had diabetes before she became pregnant. But some women develop unexpected diabetes during pregnancy. This is called gestational diabetes, and usually disappears after the baby is born. • Hormones produced during pregnancy slowly stop the action of insulin in the body. Usually, the woman's pancreas is able to produce more insulin to answer this change. If not, sugar levels will increase, and the woman will develop gestational diabetes. • Treatment for gestational diabetes is similar to the treatment for type two diabetes: dietary changes and exercise. Some women also may need to take insulin.

31. Section 3 A VOA Story All About Diabetes • Medical researchers say gestational diabetes increases the risk of the developing child having diabetes later in life. Also, women who have had it are at a sixty percent increased risk of developing type two diabetes. But doctors say women can reduce that risk by keeping a healthy weight and exercising. • VOICE TWO: • Women who develop gestational diabetes know they are at increased risk for the disease. Others who get type two diabetes have no idea they may develop it. That is why medical experts say it is so important for people to get health examinations, because diabetes can be prevented. • Doctors have identified a condition they call pre-diabetes. This is when a person has higher than normal levels of glucose in the blood, but not high enough to be considered diabetes.

32. Section 3 A VOA Story All About Diabetes • Doctors say people with this condition can reduce the chance of getting diabetes by increasing exercise and eating low-fat foods. At least two kinds of medicine have been shown to be effective in preventing diabetes in people with pre-diabetes. • Doctors say healthy people should have their blood sugar tested every year, especially those with a family history of diabetes. That way, they will have a chance to change their medical futures and prevent or delay the development of diabetes. • (MUSIC)

33. Section 3 A VOA Story Gaining Weight as Friends, and Maybe Losing It Too • When one person gains weight, their close friends often follow. Researchers have just offered evidence in a study that says obesity appears to spread through social ties. But the findings might also offer hope. • If friends help make obesity acceptable, then they might also be influential in losing the fat. The researchers note that support groups are already an effective tool in dealing with other socially influenced problems, like alcoholism.

34. Section 3 A VOA Story Gaining Weight as Friends, and Maybe Losing It Too • The findings appeared in the New England Journal of Medicine. The researchers used information collected from twelve thousand people. It was collected between nineteen seventy-one and two thousand three as part of the Framingham Heart Study. • The information was highly detailed. There was even contact information for close friends of the people in the study.

35. Section 3 A VOA Story Gaining Weight as Friends, and Maybe Losing It Too • The researchers examined more than forty thousand social ties. They found that a person's chances of becoming severely overweight increased by fifty-seven percent if a friend had become obese. • A sister or brother of a person who became obese had a forty percent increased chance of becoming obese. The risk for a wife or husband was a little less than that.

36. Section 3 A VOA Story Gaining Weight as Friends, and Maybe Losing It Too • Nicholas Christakis of Harvard Medical School was a lead investigator in the study. He says there is a direct causal relationship between a person getting fat and being followed in weight gain by a friend. • The study found that the sex of the friends was also an influence. In same-sex friendships, a person had a seventy-one percent increased risk of becoming obese. Men had a forty-four percent increased risk of becoming obese after weight gain in a brother. In sisters, it was sixty-seven percent.

37. Section 3 A VOA Story Gaining Weight as Friends, and Maybe Losing It Too • The researchers also considered the effect of where people lived in relation to each other. James Fowler of the University of California, San Diego, was the other lead investigator. He says a friend who lives a few hundred kilometers away has as much influence as one in the same neighborhood. He says the study demonstrates the need to consider that a major part of people's health is tied to their social connections. • Both investigators say their research shows that obesity is not just a private medical issue, but a public health problem.