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CHEMISTRY 1211 Chapter 1

CHEMISTRY 1211 Chapter 1. CHEMISTRY WHAT IS IT?. SCIENCE DEALING WITH THE COMPOSITION AND ENERGY OF MATTER AND THE CHANGES IN COMPOSITION AND ENERGY THAT MATTER UNDERGOES. WHAT IS A SCIENCE?. SCIENCE AN ORGANIZED BODY OF KNOWLEDGE. Scientific Method:.

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CHEMISTRY 1211 Chapter 1

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  1. CHEMISTRY 1211Chapter 1

  2. CHEMISTRYWHAT IS IT? SCIENCE DEALING WITH THE COMPOSITION AND ENERGY OF MATTER AND THE CHANGES IN COMPOSITION AND ENERGY THAT MATTER UNDERGOES.

  3. WHAT IS A SCIENCE? SCIENCE AN ORGANIZED BODY OF KNOWLEDGE

  4. Scientific Method: A systematic approach to solving problems.

  5. WHAT IS MATTER? MATTER ANYTHING THAT HAS MASS AND OCCUPIES SPACE

  6. Matter • Atoms are the building blocks of matter. • Each element is made of the same kind of atom.

  7. CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

  8. States of Matter

  9. Classification of Matter

  10. MATTER PURE SUBSTANCES OR MIXTURES

  11. PURE SUBSTANCES • DISTINCT PROPERTIES • CONSTANT COMPOSITION • TWO TYPES: • ELEMENTS • COMPOUNDS

  12. PURE SUBSTANCES • ELEMENT: SUBSTANCE CONTAINING ONLY ONE TYPE OF ATOM

  13. ATOM THE SMALLEST REPRESENTATIVE PARTICLE OF AN ELEMENT

  14. PURE SUBSTANCES • COMPOUND: SUBSTANCE CONTAINING TWO OR MORE TYPES OF ATOMS IN A FIXED RATIO

  15. MIXTURES • CONTAINS TWO OR MORE DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES • TWO TYPES • HETEROGENEOUS • HOMOGENEOUS

  16. HETEROGENEOUS SUBSTANCES ARE VISUALLY DISTINGUISHABLE HOMOGENEOUS SUBSTANCES ARE VISUALLY INDISTINGUISHABLE

  17. PROPERTIES OF MATTER • PHYSICAL PROPERTIES vs CHEMICAL PROPERTIES • INTENSIVE PROPERTIES vs EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES

  18. PHYSICAL vs CHEMICAL PROPERTIES • PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CAN BE MEASURED WITHOUT CHANGING THE IDENTITY OR COMPOSITION • CHEMICAL PROPERTIES DESCRIBE THE WAY A SUBSTANCE CHANGES OR REACTS TO FORM OTHER SUBSTANCES

  19. INTENSIVE vs EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES • INTENSIVE – NOT DEPENDENT ON THE AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE PRESENT (TEMPERATURE, DENSITY, COLOR, MELTING POINT, BOILING POINT, ETC.) • EXTENSIVE – DEPENDS ON AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE PRESENT (MASS AND VOLUME)

  20. UNITS OF MEASUREMENTTHE SI SYSTEM • LENGTH - METER (m) • VOLUME - LITER (L) • TIME - SECOND (s) • MASS - KILOGRAM (kg) • TEMPERATURE - KELVIN (K)

  21. TEMPERATURE K = oC + 273.15 AND oC = 5/9 (oF - 32) OR oF = 9/5 (oC) + 32

  22. SIGNIFICANT FIGURES aka SIG FIGS aka SF

  23. SIGNIFICANT FIGURES • IN COUNTING AND DEFINITIONS, THERE ARE AN INFINITE NUMBER OF SIG FIGS • IN MEASUREMENTS, THE NUMBER OF SIG FIGS CONSISTS OF ALL CERTAIN AND THE FIRST UNCERTAIN DIGITS

  24. RULES FOR READING/RECORDING MEASURED VALUES • LEADING ZEROS ARE NEVER SIGNIFICANT • CAPTIVE ZEROS ARE ALWAYS SIGNIFICANT • TRAILING ZEROS ARE SIGNIFICANT ONLY IF A DECIMAL IS PRESENT

  25. ROUNDING RULES LOOK ONLY AT NUMBER JUST TO RIGHT OF NUMBER YOU ARE ROUNDING TO: • IF 5 OR MORE, ROUND UP • IF LESS THAN 5, ROUND DOWN

  26. MATH OPERATIONS INVOLVING SIGNIFICANT FIGURES • MULTIPLICATION / DIVISION: ANSWER WILL HAVE SAME TOTAL # OF SIG FIGS AS THE NUMBER WITH THE LEAST TOTAL # OF SIG FIGS • ADDITION / SUBTRACTION: ANSWER HAS SAME # OF DIGITS AFTER DECIMAL AS THE NUMBER WITH THE LEAST # OF DIGITS AFTER THE DECIMAL

  27. GENERAL RULE CARRY ALL FIGURES THROUGH TO THE END OF A PROBLEM. ROUND THE FINAL ANSWER TO THE CORRECT NUMBER OF SIGNIFICANT FIGURES.

  28. Accuracy versus Precision • Accuracy refers to the proximity of a measurement to the true value of a quantity. • Precision refers to the proximity of several measurements to each other.

  29. DENSITY DENSITY IS AN INTENSIVE PROPERTY OF MATTER. THEREFORE, DENSITY IS INDEPENDENT OF HOW MUCH SAMPLE IS PRESENT

  30. DENSITY DENSITY IS DEFINED AS THE MASS PER UNIT VOLUME OF A SUBSTANCE D = m/V USUALLY IN UNITS OF: g/mL or g/cm3

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