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AROUSAL and ANXIETY in SPORT

AROUSAL and ANXIETY in SPORT. What? Me Worry?. AROUSAL. “Arousal is the degree of activation of the organs and mechanisms that are under control of the body’s autonomic nervous system”. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) (Brain + Spinal Cord). Autonomic Nervous System (ANS).

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AROUSAL and ANXIETY in SPORT

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  1. AROUSAL and ANXIETY in SPORT What? Me Worry?

  2. AROUSAL “Arousal is the degree of activation of the organs and mechanisms that are under control of the body’s autonomic nervous system”

  3. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) (Brain + Spinal Cord) Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Peripheral Nervous System Sympathetic Pathway Parasympathetic Pathway

  4. Sympathetic Pathway Responsible for activating the fight or flight response Parasympathetic Pathway Responsible for returning the organism to homeostasis AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

  5. THE BRAIN • Cerebral Cortex • Sub-Cortex - Cerebellum - Medulla oblongata - Pons - Diencephalon (thalamus + hypothalamus) • Limbic system • Reticular activating system

  6. WHAT THESE THINGS DO • Cerebral Cortex: Recognizes stimuli. Game On!! • Cerebellum: Coordinates body movements • Medulla Oblongata: Regulates HR, respiration,etc. • Pons: Regulates the sleep cycle • Hypothalamus:Primary activator of the ANS • Limbic System: “Seat of emotions” such as fear, anxiety, joy

  7. WHAT THESE THINGS DO (CONT’D) • Reticular Activating System: Neurological connection between the cortex and subcortex which feeds information back and forth.

  8. Increase heart rate Increase contractile force Dilate coronary arteries Constrict abdominal arteries Dilate pupils Dilate bronchial tubes Increase strength of skeletal muscles Release glucose from liver Increase mental activity Dilate arterioles deep in skeletal muscles Increase basal metabolic rate EFFECTS OF THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

  9. Preferred State of Arousal • Organisms seek to attain a level of arousal that is ideal (optimal) for the task at hand • Moderate levels are best in most cases • Inverted U hypothesis or Optimal Level Theory

  10. Measuring Arousal • Electrocortical Activity: Electroencephalogram (EEG) • Biochemical Indicators: Catecholamines • Heart Rate: Electrocardiograph (ECG) • Muscle Tension: Electromyography (EMG) • Respiration Rate • Blood Pressure: Sphygmomanometer • Palmar Sweating: Galvanic Skin Response (GSR)

  11. ANXIETY “An unrealistic fear resulting in physiological arousal and accompanied by the behavioral signs of escape or avoidance” • State Anxiety:Immediate emotional state characterized by apprehension, fear and tension and accompanied by physiological arousal • Trait Anxiety: Personality trait. A predisposition to perceive situations as threatening and to respond with heightened levels of state anxiety

  12. Measuring Anxiety • Paper and Pencil Inventories • Behavioral and Physiological Assessments - Observation (fidgeting, licking lips, rubbing palms on shirt, frequent trips to the bathroom) - Telemetry (HR, BP, Muscle Tension)

  13. Multi-Dimensional Nature of Anxiety • Competitive State Anxiety Inventory – 2 (CSAI-2) • Developed by Martens, Vealey & Burton (1990) • Views competitive state anxiety as multi-dimensional: • Cognitive A-State:Mental component of anxiety. Fear of negative self-evaluation, fear of failure, loss of self-esteem • Somatic A-State:Physical component of anxiety. Perception of physiological responses such as increase in HR, BP, respiration and muscle tension

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