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STOICHIOMETRY, ACIDS AND BASES, THE LITMUS TEST, AND THE WOOD SPLINT TEST

Solutions. STOICHIOMETRY, ACIDS AND BASES, THE LITMUS TEST, AND THE WOOD SPLINT TEST. Solutions. Quick definitions: Solution: is a homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances.

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STOICHIOMETRY, ACIDS AND BASES, THE LITMUS TEST, AND THE WOOD SPLINT TEST

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  1. Solutions STOICHIOMETRY, ACIDS AND BASES, THE LITMUS TEST, AND THE WOOD SPLINT TEST

  2. Solutions • Quick definitions: • Solution: is a homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances. • In such a mixture a solute is dissolved in another substance, known as a solvent. The solvent does the dissolving. • Ex.: salt is a solute, and water is the solvent. • Homogeneous mixture is a solution that is uniform in composition. If you divide the solution in half, an equal amount of solute and solvent will be found in both halves. • Example.

  3. Simple stoichiometry • Concentrations = g/ml • C1 V1 = C2 V2

  4. Concentrations are typically represented as mass per volume, e.g.: g/ml or g/L. • When liquids or solids are mixed with other liquids, we can also represent the concentration as a percent: • 1 g/ml NaCl = 100% solution of NaCl • Remember, when you see a percentage, the compound is usually dissolved in water (but could be other liquids)

  5. Also, 1g = 1ml so, • 20% solution is equal to 20g/100ml or 0.2g/ml

  6. Also, 1g = 1ml so, • 20% solution is equal to 20g/100ml or 0.2g/ml • Convert the following salt solutions into g/ml: • 80% , 50% , 10% , 1% , and 0.1%.

  7. Problem • In the laboratory, a student is given a quantity of NaCl. He must prepare 1250ml of an NaCl solution with a concentration of 12g/L • What mass of NaCl should the student use?

  8. Problem • You need to make a 250 ml solution of sodium hydroxide with a concentration of 1.5 g/L. • How much sodium hydroxide will you need?

  9. C1 V1 = C2 V2 • C1V1 = C2V2 • Where: • C1 = Concentration of the stock solution • V1 = Volume of the stock solution • C2 = Concentration of the working solution • V2 = Volume of the working solution • NOTE: • The relationship between the volumes and concentrations involved is that of an inverse proportion;that is, when the volume of one solution is greater, the concentration of the solution of the greater volume is less.

  10. C1 V1 = C2 V2 • a. Basic Rules for Solving C1V1 = C2V2 Problems. • Three of the 4 values must be known. • The units of volume and concentration must be the same respectively. • It’s crucial that the volume and concentration that relate to one another are identified. • Any unit of volume or concentration may be used.

  11. Demonstration • I need to make a 10 mg/ml sugar solution. • How many grams in how much water? • Then I to dilute the stock concentration to a 5mg/ml sugar solution with a volume of 200ml. • What do I do?

  12. Problem • You have a solution of HCl with a concentration of 4 g/l and some water. As part of an experiment, you must prepare 200 ml of a diluted solution with a concentration of 0.5 g/l. • Determine the volume of concentrated solution required. • Determine the volume of water you must add to prepare this solution.

  13. Problem • You found a 2.0% solution of sodium hydroxide on the shelf.  You need 500 ml of a 0.4 % solution of sodium hydroxide. What volume of the 2.0 % solution will you need?

  14. Tough Problem • How much 0.100 mol/L Ca(OH)2 can be prepared from 10.0 mL of 6.00 mol/L Ca(OH)2?

  15. Practice • A reaction involving 51.0g of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and 109.5g of hydrochloric acid (HCl) produces 133.5g of aluminum chloride (AlCl3) and a certain amound of water (H2O). • Al2o3 + HCl  AlCl3 + H2O • 1.Balance the equation. • 2. Determine the mass of water (H2O) produced during this reaction.

  16. Balance the following: • AlBr3 +  Cl2 →  AlCl3 +  Br2You have 130.5g of aluminum bromide (AlBr3), 145.5g of chloride (Cl2), and 137g of aluminum chloride (AlCl3). How much bromide (Br2) do you end up with?

  17. How much caffeine in a 450 ml coffee which has a concentration of 7g of caffeine per 1L (7g/L)?

  18. If I need to dilute a solution of hydrogen sulfide with a concentration of 6g/L to a 300ml solution with a concentration of 0.7g/L, how much stock solution do I need? • How much water do I need to add?

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