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The Crisis Deepens: World War II

Retreat from Democracy: Dictatorial Regimes. The Birth of Fascism Benito Mussolini (1883-1945)Fascio di Combattimento (League of Combat), 1919Support from middle class industrialists and large landownersMussolini appointed prime minister, October 29,1922Mussolini's powersFascist governmentFascist organizationsImportance of the familyRole of women in the Fascist society.

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The Crisis Deepens: World War II

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    1. The Crisis Deepens: World War II

    2. Retreat from Democracy: Dictatorial Regimes The Birth of Fascism Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) Fascio di Combattimento (League of Combat), 1919 Support from middle class industrialists and large landowners Mussolini appointed prime minister, October 29,1922 Mussolini’s powers Fascist government Fascist organizations Importance of the family Role of women in the Fascist society

    3. Mussolini, The Iron Duce

    4. Hitler and Nazi Germany Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) Hitler’s Rise Power, 1919-1933 Munich German Workers’ Party National Socialist German Workers’ Party , 1921 Sturmabteilung (SA), Storm Troops Munich Beer Hall Putsch, November 1923 Mein Kampf (My Struggle) Lebensraum and authoritarian leadership By 1932, Nazi party had 800,000 members Great Depression and unemployment Becomes chancellor, January 30, 1933 Enabling Act, March 23, 1933 President Paul von Hindenburg dies, August 2, 1934

    5. The Nazi State, 1933-1939 Hitler’s goal Mass demonstrations and spectacles to create collective fellowship Internal problems: personal and institutional conflict Economics Heinrich Himmler and the SS (Schutzstaffel) Impact on women Aryan racial state Nuremberg racial laws , September 1935 Kristallnacht, November 9-10, 1938 Restrictions on Jews

    6. Stalinist Era in the Soviet Union First Five Year Plan, 1928 To create an industrial country Emphasized production of capital goods and armaments Rapid collectivization of agriculture Famine of 1932-1933; 10 million peasants died Political control Stalin dictatorship established, 1929 Political purge, 1936-1938; 8 million arrested Women and the family

    7. Rise of Militarism in Japan Militant elements brought about Japanese militarism Disastrous effect of the Depression Government could not cope Growth of national extremists Assassinations “Asia is for Asians” Failed coup in 1936 by junior officers

    8. The Path to War The Path to War in Europe Hitler’s view for civilization was creation of a new air force and expanding the army by conscription to 550,000, 1935 Repudiated of the Versailles Treaty Occupation of the demilitarized Rhineland, March 1936 Rome-Berlin Axis, October 1936 Annexation of Austria, March 13, 1938 Demand the cession of the Sudetenland, September 1938 Munich Conference, September 29, 1938 German dismemberment of Czechoslovakia Britain and France react to demands for Danzig Nonaggression pact with the Soviet Union Invasion of Poland began September 1, 1939

    9. World War II in Europe and North Africa

    10. The Path to War in Asia Seizure of Manchuria, September 1931 League of Nations condemns the move Japan withdraws from the League of Nations Chiang Kai-shek granted Japan authority in North China Protests against the Japanese Chiang turns his attention to the Japanese Clash at Marco Polo Bridge, July, 1937 A Monroe Doctrine for Asia Japan had not planned war against China Chiang Kai-shek refused to give in to the Japanese Japan’s real target was Soviet Siberia Japan begins to cooperate with Nazi Germany Warnings from the United States Japanese concerns over threat to their long-term goals

    11. World War II Europe at War Germany invades Poland, September 1, 1939 September 28, 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union divide Poland Blitzkrieg against Denmark and Norway, April 9, 1940 Attack on Netherlands, Belgium, and France, May 10, 1940 Evacuation of Dunkirk Surrender of France, June 22, 1940 Battle Britain, Fall, 1940 Retaliation for bombing Berlin Germany invaded the Soviet Union, June 22, 1941 Problems in the Balkans German experience in the Soviet Union Ukraine, Leningrad, Moscow

    12. World War II in Asia and the Pacific

    13. Japan at War Attack on Pearl Harbor and the Philippines, December 7, 1941 Germany declared war in the U.S., December 11, 1941 Great East-Asia Co-prosperity Sphere Japanese hoped the United States would accept Japanese domination in the Pacific

    14. Turning Point of the War, 1942-1943 Agreement to fight until unconditional surrender of the Axis German success in early 1942 in Africa and Soviet Union Allies invade French North Africa, victory in May 1943 Battle of Stalingrad, November 1942-February 1943 Battle of the Coral Sea, May 7-8, 1942 Battle of Midway, June 4, 1942 “Island hopping” Solomon Islands, November 1942

    15. Last Years of the War Invasion of Italy, September 1943 D-Day invasion of France, June 6, 1944 Soviet March westward Battle of Kursk, July 5 – 12, 1943 Reoccupied Soviet Territory Russians enter Berlin, April 1945 Hitler’s suicide, April 30, 1945 Surrender of Germany, May 7, 1945 War in the Pacific Advance was slow Difficulty of invading the Japanese homeland Hiroshima, August 6, 1945 Nagasaki, August 14, 1945 Human losses in the war: 17 million military dead, 18 million civilians dead

    16. The New Order The New Order in Europe German racial considerations Resettlement plans of the East Slave labor “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere” Japanese promised independent governments Some were, but under Japanese control Resources exploited by the Japanese Power of military authorities in occupied territories Use of subject peoples and prisoners of war

    18. The Holocaust Extermination of the Jews of Europe Hitler’s ideology – racial struggle Aryans – creators of human cultural development Jews – parasites trying to destroy Aryans Himmler and SS organization Final Solution to “Jewish problem” Einsatzgruppen round up of Polish and Russian Jews, execute and bury them in mass graves More systematic annihilation – death camps Six extermination centers in Poland Zyklon B – gas 30% sent to labor camp, remainder to gas chambers Victims’ goods and bodies used for economic gain 5-6 million Jews killed, 3 million died in death camps 90% of Jewish population of Poland, Baltic countries, and Germany exterminated

    19. Another Holocaust 9-10 million other people died from being shot, starvation, or overwork Gypsies also rounded up and exterminated 40% of one million Gypsies killed in death camps “subhuman” Slavic peoples: clergy, intelligentsia, civil leaders, judges, and lawyers were deliberately killed 4 million Poles, Ukrainians, Byelorussians lost their lives as slave laborers 3 million soviet prisoners of war were killed in captivity

    20. The New Order in Asia Japan’s takeover of Asia to meet its needs for raw materials: tin, oil, rubber, and outlet for its exports Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Southeast Asia – “Asia for Asians” Independent governments under Japanese tutelage in Burma, Dutch East Indies, Vietnam, and Philippines Natives conscripted to serve in military unities or conscripted to work in public works projects Vietnam: starvation of over a million due to forced requisition of rice for Japanese Japanese arrogant, had contempt for local customs, little respect for subjects, and ignored Geneva Convention

    21. The New Order in Asia, cont’d China Used poison gas and biological weapons to kill millions of Chinese “Nanjing Incident” killed, raped and looted local population Korea 800,000 Koreans sent overseas as forced laborers to Japan Tens of thousands of women from Korea and Philippines forced to be “comfort women” (prostitutes) for Japanese troops 12,000 Allied prisoners of war died and 90,000 native workers who worked on railroad

    22. The Home Front Mobilizing the People: Three Examples Soviet Union: Military and industrial mobilization – “battle of machines” Soviet workers made 78,000 tanks, 98,000 artillery pieces 55% of national income went for war material Soviet women and girls 60% worked in industries, mines, and railroads Dug antitank ditches, air raid wardens, combatants, snipers, crews in bomber squadrons

    23. The Home Front, cont’d Germany: Hitler tripled the production of armaments but did not cut production of consumer goods Nazi resistance to female employment Japan Wartime Japan was highly mobilized society Government controlled prices, wages, use of labor, allocation of resources Traditional habits of obedience, and hierarchy encouraged people to sacrifice resources and lives for national cause Volunteer pilots for suicide missions - kamikaze, divine wind Women exhorted to bear more children Reluctance to mobilize women for employment because “the weakening of the family system would be the weakening of the nation” Used Korean and Chinese laborers

    24. The Frontline Civilians: The Bombing of Cities Bombing of civilians as means to coerce governments Lufwaffe raids on Britain Raids on German cities Failed to break civilian morale Failed to destroy Germany’s industrial capacity Japanese cities bombed Japan’s industries destroyed by the summer of 1945 People’s Volunteer Corps Hiroshima and Nagasaki, August, 1945

    25. Aftermath: Toward The Cold War Conferences at Tehran Yalta, and Potsdam Future course of the war, invasion of the continent for 1944 Agreement for the partition of postwar Germany Declaration on Liberated Europe Conference at Yalta, February, 1945 Soviet military assistance for the war against Japan Creation of a United Nations German unconditional surrender Free elections in Eastern Europe

    26. Toward The Cold War, cont’d Conference at Potsdam, July, 1945 Truman replaces Roosevelt Stalin refuses to allow free elections in Eastern Europe The “Iron Curtain”

    27. Territorial Changes in Europe After World War II

    28. Discussion Questions What are the characteristics of totalitarian states, and to what degree were these characteristics present in Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, and Stalinist Russia? What were the underlying causes of WWII and what specific steps taken by Nazi Germany and Japan led to war? What was the relationship between WW I and WW II and what were the differences in the ways the wars are fought?

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