1 / 70

CH15: Nationalism, Realism, Mass Politics

AP EURO Pages 371-380. CH15: Nationalism, Realism, Mass Politics. Italian Unification. CH 15: Nationalism, Realism, and Mass Politics ( PAGES 372-376) CH 15: Nationalism, Realism, and Mass Politics ( PAGES 371-372). Road Towards Italian Unification. Competing city-states since the middle ages

samuelhardy
Download Presentation

CH15: Nationalism, Realism, Mass Politics

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. AP EURO Pages 371-380 CH15: Nationalism, Realism, Mass Politics

  2. Italian Unification CH 15: Nationalism, Realism, and Mass Politics ( PAGES 372-376) CH 15: Nationalism, Realism, and Mass Politics ( PAGES 371-372)

  3. Road Towards Italian Unification • Competing city-states since the middle ages • Economic disparity: Prosperous north, Agricultural south • Obstacles to unification: • Austria ruled northern provinces of Lombardy and Venetia • Papal Power in Central Italy & Rome • Kingdom of Sardinia – Nice, Savoy, Piedmont • Kingdom of Naples – Island of Sicily & southern half Italy

  4. Unsuccessful Attempts to Unify Italy 1815-1845 • 1. Giuseppe Mazzini • Sought a centralized democratic republic • Based on universal suffrage, and free will of the people • 2. Vincenzo Gioberti • Catholic Priest sought federation of existing states • Under Pope’s leadership

  5. Kingdom of Sardinia/Piedmont (In the North) • was a constitutional monarchy • Ruled by King Victor Emmanuel II (R. 1849-1878)

  6. Camillodi Cavour (1810-1861) • Was appointer Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia 1852 by King • Architect for unification of Italy 1850’s • Goal: • Sough unity for northern states and perhaps central Italy • Proposed building of infrastructure • Opposed clerical privilege

  7. Cavour Gained Support of liberals Throughout Italy by: • 1. Reforming the government in Sardinia/Piedmont • 2. Weakening the influence of the Pope • 3. Investing in public works, railroads, harbors • 4. Encouraging the growth of industry • 5. emancipating the peasantry from manorialism • 6. Making Sardinian government a model of progressive constitutionalism

  8. Plombieres Agreement, 1858 • Cavour Persuaded Napoleon III (France) to send army to Sardinia • Cavour wanted to intimidate Austria (who ruled Lombardy & Venezia) into war • Austria declared war on Sardinia in 1859 • France came to Sardinia’s aid

  9. Cavour’s Negotiations • Austria (a German state) occupied Venetia & Lombardy • Cavour created agreements/alliances with Britain & France • Cavour Promised France the territory of Nice & Savoy

  10. Outcome of War Between Austria & Sardinia • France made an Agreement with Austria • Treaty of Villafranca: • 1. Sardinia/Piedmont gained Lombardy only • 2. France gained Nice & Savoy

  11. Cavour financed Giuseppe Garibaldi's Army in 1860 • Called the “red shirts” • Garibaldi’s army marched north • Cavour’s army marched south • They met at center • Italy achieved unification in 1861 • Did not include Venetia in the north (Austria) • Or • Rome (Papal State)

  12. Outcome of Italian Unification • Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed with Victor Emmanuel II on the Throne • Italy received Venetia 1866 • 1870 Rome joined Italy and was named capital • Papal control reduced to the Vatican (recognition as independent state 1920’s)

  13. Problems Remained • 1. Italy’s new government not very democratic • 2. Economic disparity – North & South • 3. Italy Lacked natural resources • 4. Papacy disapproved of new government • 5. People confused; can a “good Catholic” be a “good patriot” ?

  14. German Unification CH 15: Nationalism, Realism, and Mass Politics ( PAGES 372-376)

  15. German Nationalism Philosophies… • led to Unification • 1784 J.G. Herder published : Ideas of the Philosophy of the History of Mankind

  16. Herder’s Vision of A Unified Germany • Volkgeist- “spirit of the people” • Herder argued German Volkgeist is different • Focused on what made Germans different from other people

  17. J.G. Fitchte Argued… • The German spirit (customs, traditions, folklore) was not only different, but superior • And Must be kept “pure” from outside influence

  18. Grimm Brothers: Jacob & Wilhelm • Urged unity based on common language, history, & folk traditions • Traveled throughout Germany • Gathered folk tales • Which represented spirit of the people (volkgiest) !

  19. Germany’s Fairy Tale Road

  20. Analyzing Grimm’s Folk Tales • http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/grimmtales.html • 1. What is the story about? • 2. What does the story tell you about German social norms? Fears? Concerns? • 3. How does is this version different from other versions you are familiar with?

  21. Black Forest, Germany

  22. Grimm Brothers Video… • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMx7GmTw5n4

  23. G.W. F. Hegel • Early socialist philosophy • Dialectic- all history results from series of change • “Thesis” -> “Anti-Thesis” (conflicting ideas) • “synthesis” - fusion

  24. Friedrich List – German Economist • Argued that for nation to develop its culture, • A nation must have cities, factories, and capital of its own.

  25. Frankfurt Assembly, 1848-1849 • Possible German Unification was Debated: • Problem:individual state rulers did not want to give up their power! • Austria & Prussia opposed unification

  26. Frankfurt Assembly, 1848-1849 • Members of Assembly: Lawyers, government officials, Catholic clergy, businessmen etc. • Had No desire for revolution, disconnected from masses

  27. Frankfurt Assembly, 1848-1849 • How would “Germany” be defined? • Would a unified Germany include Prussia? Austria? Bohemia? • Large German Solution –grossdeutsch • Small German Solution - kleindeutsch

  28. Frankfurt Assembly, 1848-1849 • Assembly Produced 2 Documents: • 1. Declaration of the Rights of the German People (freedom of religion, press, assembly) • 2. Constitution – for unified Germany (excluded Austria)

  29. Unified Germany… • Frankfurt Parliament failed & dissolved • German unification failed at this point in time

  30. Prevailed 20 years later Transformed the balance of economic, military, & international power. German Unification…

  31. THE Tariff Union- Zollverein • Trade Partnership Led by Prussia • Included all German states exceptAustria & Bohemia • Promoted economic growth • Austria & Bohemia left out and hurt economically

  32. 1861 Prussia • New King took over throne: • William I • In 1862 he made a decision that changed German History…

  33. He Named Otto von Bismarck • Prime Minister of Prussia in 1862 • “Machivellian” , “Opportunistic” leader • Enlarged & reformed the military • Built railroads to transport troops

  34. Otto Von Bismarck • “The great questions of our day cannot be solved by speeches and majority votes- that was the great error of 1848 and 1849- but with blood and iron”

  35. Otto Von Bismarck’s Vision … • A Unified Germany that excluded Austria • Kleindeutsch – “small Germany”

  36. Bismarck Developed a… • Policy of “Friendliness” towards Russia • Austria was upset • Austria wanted to join Zollverein (trade partnership) • Bismarck rejected Austria’s application!

  37. Schleswig & Holstein • “German” states south of Denmark • Ruled by Denmark • People rebelled against Denmark 1848

  38. Schleswig & Holstein • 1852 international agreement placed both under Danish authority • 1863 Austria & Prussia went to war against Denmark • 1864 Austria & Prussia won • Prussia occupied Schleswig • Austria occupied Holstein

  39. Problems Ensued… • Rivalry between Prussia and Austria re-emerged • Prussians had to go through to get to Schleswig… • Bismarck’s perspective? • Austria is in the way!

  40. In 1866 Bismarck • Promised ItalyVenetian territory if • They (Italy) allied themselves with Prussia and went to war against Austria • How did Bismarck provoke war?

  41. The Seven Weeks War, 1866 • Prussia vs. Austria • Lasted 3 weeks • Bismarck accused Austria of aggression & invaded Holstein • Prussia had better soldiers, new technology “needle gun” (1st machine gun), railroads • Prussia won

  42. Consequences of Seven Weeks’ War, 1866 • 1. Bismarck dissolved German confederation (39 states) • 2. With Austria excluded, Bismarck created the North German Confederation dominated by Prussia (22 states) • 3. Prussia’s ally, ITALY acquired Venetia

  43. A Truly United “Nation State” Emerged • New confederation had Constitution & Bicameral Parliament • William I now “ President” • Otto von Bismarck now “ Chancellor” • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5gGBtGCdq9M • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KjfSKhjqxDk • http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/the-unification-of-germany-summary-timeline-events.html

  44. APEURO France: Revolutions of 1830, 1848 (The Second French Revolution) & The 2nd French Empire

  45. France After Napoleon Bonaparte • Louis XVIII returned as Constitutional Monarch (1815) • Charles X was his successor (1824)

  46. In Response to Opposition, • King Charles X • Issued “July Ordinances” • 1. Dissolved chamber of deputies • 2. Censored Press • Caused Immediate protests

  47. Charles X was Replaced by • Louis Philippe, Duke of Orleans • Downplayed “royal image” • Reign lasted 18 years until 1848

  48. 1848 Workers Rallied • In support of electoral reform • Francois Guizot, Prime Minister forbade gatherings • Army fired against crowd = rebellion • Guizot quit, Louis Philippe abdicated throne

  49. 1848 : France’s Provisional Government • Was set up while debates ensued… • 1.Orleanists wanted Louis Philippe’s son to take over • 2. Legitimists wanted a leader of Bourbon descent • 3. Socialists wanted Louis Blanc as leader • 4. Louis Napoleon, nephew of O.G. wanted power

More Related