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The English Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement in England dating from the early 16th century to the early 17th century. It is associated with the pan-European Renaissance that is usually regarded as beginning in Italy in the late 14th century.
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The English Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement in England dating from the early 16th century to the early 17th century. It is associated with the pan-European Renaissance that is usually regarded as beginning in Italy in the late 14th century.
The beginning of the English Renaissance is often taken, as a convenience, to be 1485, when the Battle of Bosworth Field ended the Wars of the Roses and inaugurated the Tudor Dynasty. Renaissance style and ideas, however, were slow to penetrate England, and the Elizabethan era in the second half of the 16th century is usually regarded as the height of the English Renaissance.
Introduced the study of greek and were founded in the classical schools. But the effect of humanism on the literature in the vernacular was extremely slow in England. The English had not yet established itself as a language in prose. One of the most important works of the English Renaissance, The Thomas More's Utopia was written in Latin and, albeit only indirectly belongs to English literature, played a role in the spiritual development of England and exerted a profound influence over later writers.
Thiswas a period of greatchange. • Humanisttriumphed over medievalscholasticism. • The physicalextent of the known world wasexpanded by voyages of discovery. • Changes in population and tradealteredeconomicrelationship.
The influence of the Italian Renaissance, which had already reached its peak and that was widespread in England through countless translations and improved yields refined English, which became one of the biggest and richest languages in the world. The breaking down of the Christian church into Protestant and Catholic radically changed personal and public life. The Protestant Reformation, which brought new cultural and spiritual values; it reinforced the growing sense of nationalism, and through the translation of the Bible and the liturgy in English, gave new prestige to the English language, thus contributing to the growth of a new sense of national and cultural identity.
Visual arts… • England was very slow to produce visual arts in Renaissance styles, and the artists of the Tudor court were mainly imported foreigners until after the end of the Renaissance; Hans Holbein was the outstanding figure. English art was to be dominated by portraiture, and then later landscape art, for centuries to come.
The significant English invention was the portrait miniature, which essentially took the techniques of the dying art of the illuminated manuscript and transferred them to small portraits worn in lockets. The portraiture of Elizabeth I was carefully controlled, and developed into an elaborate and wholly un-realist iconic style, that has succeeded in creating enduring images.
Architecture Despite some buildings in a partly Renaissance style from the reign of Henry VIII, notably Hampton Court Palace, the vanished Non such Palace, Sutton Place and Layer Marney Tower, it was not until the Elizabethan architecture of the end of the century that a true Renaissance style emerged, influenced far more by northern Europe than Italy. The most famous buildings are large show houses constructed for courtiers, and characterisedby lavish use of glass, the style continuing into the early 17th century before developing into Jacobean architecture. Church architecture essentially continued in a late Gothic style until the Reformation, and then stopped almost completely, although church monuments, screens and other fittings often had classical styles from about the mid-century.
Criticism of the idea of the English Renaissance Many historians believe that the English Renaissance is to be so called because when compared to Italian, there is a distinct difference. While in Italy we had a huge artistic evolution in the period of the Renaissance by Dante, Petrarch, Leonardo, l 'England this type of evolution has had a hundred years ago by Geoffrey Chaucer. Historians have also begun to consider the word "Renaissance" as an unnecessarily loaded word that implies an unambiguously positive "rebirth" from the supposedly more primitive Middle Ages. Many historians and cultural historians now prefer to use the term "early modern" for this period, a term that highlights the period as a transitional one that led to the modern world, but attempts to avoid positive or negative connotations. Other cultural historians have countered that, regardless of whether the name "renaissance" is apt, there was undeniably an artistic flowering in England under the Tudor monarchs, culminating in Shakespeare and his contemporaries.
The RenaissanceOutfit All women's outfits started with a shift, and stockings, which were normally knee-high. Petticoats were added both to fill out a gown and to keep the wearer warm. A man's outfit would start with a shirt, similar to today's dress shirt, but lacking the collar and cuffs we are familiar with, instead sometimes utilizing lace collars and cuffs. Over this would go a doublet, or fitted top, and finally over that a jerkin, a close-fitting jacket.
Children in Renaissance England were considered simply small adults, and their dress reflected this. Children were dressed in clothing very similar to their parents, and both young boys and girls wore dresses during infancy and toddlerhood. Men of the working class like their female counterparts dressed for utility and might simply wear the shirt alone.
SHAKESPEARE: THE LIFE William Shakespeare is undoubtedly one of the greatest dramatists, admired and representatives of all the times for the universality of the themes and the language is extraordinarily rich. The son of a glover and small landowner, Shakespeare married a woman 18 years his senior whom she had two children. At 22 he abandoned the family to seek his fortune in London, where he became an actor as well as lyricist and theatrical impresario. Achieved success, thanks to the support of the Duke of Southampton, in 1599 became the owner of a theater, the famous Globe, where he represented his lyrics. Of his private life little is known: the only news related to legal affairs of little importance or the data for publication or presentation of his works. Having amassed a considerable fortune, he returned to Stratford where he lives gentleman farmer until his death.
POETIC The sources of the tragedies and comedies of Shakespeare are numerous. He drew on the tradition of popular theater : English, Italian culture , the medieval chronicles , short stories in Spanish , Arabic , Latin , Greek historians , but also to the events of recent English history. Reworks , though. motifs and themes with unquestionable originality in both the theatrical technique is the use of a language of great poetry . Shakespeare invented a new language for every character, for every mood , an immediate and concrete language so as to give the impression of being created in the moment in which it is written . With the ability to understand human nature , knows how to stage universal feelings and passions , so human and real to be the mirror of the men of all times , giving rise to a theater all played on contrasts: love and hate, folly and wisdom , arrogance and self-sacrifice , reality and imagination. The great English playwright has not only been able to make the world a theater but also of the theater and what a small world thanks to his extraordinary poetic power : his eye moved by a sublime frenzy , turns from heaven to earth, from earth to heaven , and gives nothing to a plane house to live in, a name. Among the plays of Shakespeare's most frequently represented include: The Taming of the Shrew , Romeo and Juliet, Dream of a Midsummer Night , Much Ado About Nothing , Julius Caesar , Hamlet , Othello , King Lear , Macbeth , The Tempest.
STYLE The first works of Shakespeare were written following the conventional style of the time, using a stylized language that is not always practical to the characters and works. The poem is based on extensive and elaborate metaphors and the language is often rhetorical, written specifically to declaim rather than speak. The standard poetic form used by Shakespeare are the blank verse. He uses a system iambic five accents. His verse, usually consisting of ten syllables, leaving the accent on the second syllable each, were not in rhyme. Love’s not Time’s fool, though rosy lips and cheeks Within his bending sickle’s compass come; Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks, But bears it out even to the edge of doom. If this be error and upon me proved, I never writ, nor no man ever loved. Sonnet 116 CXVI
SHALL I COMPARE THEE TO A SUMMER’S DAY « Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate. Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer's lease hath all too short a date. Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimmed, And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance or nature's changing course untrimmed; But thy eternal summer shall not fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest; Nor shall Death brag thou wand'rest in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou grow rest. So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, So long lives this and this gives life to thee.
SHALL I COMPARE THEE TO A SUMMER’S DAY « Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? A Thou art more lovely and more temperate. B Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, A And summer's lease hath all too short a date. B Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, C And often is his gold complexion dimmed, D And every fair from fair sometime declines, C By chance or nature's changing course untrimmed; D But thy eternal summer shall not fade, E Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest; F Nor shall Death brag thou wand'rest in his shade, E When in eternal lines to time thou grow rest. F So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, G So long lives this and this gives life to thee. G
The English sonnet is a poem of 14 lines with each of these ten syllables, with or without an accent, known as iambic pentameter, with a rhyme sets: ababcdcdefefgg. The average word has three components: sound, denotation and connotation. He began as a combination of tones and sounds pronounced by the upper lips, tongue and throat, for which the written word has the connotation. But differs for the musical tone or noise to the fact that it has the same meaning tied to it. There are three main images introduced in the three quatrains of the sonnet. An image can be defined as the representation by means of the language of any sensory experience. Very often suggests a mental picture, something that is seen through the eyes of the mind.
The first quatrain introduces the shortness of the summer. Its summer winds made even more hectic by their short duration . They seem to shake like creatures. « Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate. Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer's lease hath all too short a date. The second quatrain presents the effects of celestial influence affective as well as without them brings the power of nature . Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimmed, And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance or nature's changing course untrimmed; The third quatrain introduces the moment when the heavenly life merges in earthly love making it everlasting love. But thy eternal summer shall not fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest; Nor shall Death brag thou wand'rest in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou grow rest.
THE FIRST VERSE At first his love towards unknown is compared to a summer's day and the following verses seem to allude to a few verses of the Bible. The comparison suggests that while love can move on the ground , the Creator's love is endless. " But , beloved , be not ignorant of this one thing , That one day is with the Lord as a thousand years , and a thousand years as one day ." But , beloved, be not ignorant of this one thing, that with the Lord one day is as a thousand years and a thousand years as one day. " this sonnet creates a hyperbole in which his love is compared to a summer's day . A hyperbole is a figure of speech that tends to deliberate exaggeration . The entire sonnet iambic pentameter in which the second syllable is accented . It has five feet of syllables and therefore is called pentameter . Since every line has five iambs is called iambic pentameter . The first verse begins with 11 syllables , and most of the poems include verses that do not conform exactly to the dominant metrical patterns .
Shakespeare then goes to the second verse explaining how this love is far more balanced and beautiful summer days : " ... Thou art blackberries lovely and more temperate ... " The verse is iambic pentameter of 9 syllables. In just two verses , the poet is able to convey to the reader a sense of the magnitude of a love that goes beyond space and time. And ' as if the reader was given for the first time a great outlook on life. The third verse reveals a possible meaning to what Shakespeare is trying to say in such a clear way of life. " ... Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May ... " Read the ten syllables of iambic pentameter and reveals that his love that covers and protects everything exceeds the " Darling Buds of May " - " the tender buds of May" . These shoots according to some critics are those of the varieties of apples Hawthorn often used for packing cakes . A beautiful plant with buds yet to learn the beauty of love as described in while waiting for the fruit they are destined to fade away. The fourth verse of 11 syllables warns against any winds that blow elsewhere with the passing of the seasons to cast a shadow on a love that is here is going to last forever. " ... And summer's lease hath all too short a date ... " . At the fifth line consists of 10 syllables you receive the impression of an earthly love often consumed by celestial powers . " ... Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines ... " The skies of summer heat are too bruised to the comparison of eternal love. A person needs room to grow and make mistakes . The use of the word "heaven" that makes Shakespeare suggests that it is both earthly and heavenly . It is God that the ancient gods can embrace and understand expectations and giving welcome respite .
Verse 6 is 10 syllables and as the sixth day you must rest . " Often ... And so is his gold complexion dimm'd ... " Shakespeare believed that the color of summer diminished with the warmth of the sky . The term "gold complexion " gives the idea of a heavenly father figure hard and rigid . Too much intensity burns those who receive it perhaps as early where you search for the shadow. This sixth verse, as well as the eighth, both ending with a feminine image to give the scene a more flexible way. In the seventh verse of 11 syllables Shakespeare highlights the fact that beauty fades and the excessive beauty of a season can cancel the clarity of true love. " ... And every fair from fair sometime declines ... " Love the material does not have the lasting love without seeking the eternal love . The eighth verse of 10 syllables focuses on the defects of a summer 's over. Even a diamond has flaws that make valuable its glory but the summer can end or be affected by fate . " ... By chance , or nature's changing course untrimm'd ... " In the ninth verse of 10 syllables sonnet summer passes metaphorical to that of his love. " ... But thy eternal summer Shall not fade ... " He tells the reader that his love will never diminish . For Shakespeare love is an eternal summer. He uses the word "eternal " in the sense of the supernatural . The tenth verse describes the continuation of the love with positive attributes. " ... Nor lose possession of the fair That thou ow'st ..." Her beauty will never fade . The expression "lose possession" again suggests the idea that he attributes his love immortal. In verse 11 the poet uses 11 syllables. It seems clear now that this love is immortal. " ... Nor Shall Death brag thou wander'st in His shade ... " Even death will not diminish. It is described as an allegory . In verse 12, the expression "When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st " is the image of God's eternal.
My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun; A Coral is far more red than her lipsí red; B If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun; A If hairs be wires,blackwires grow onher head. B I have seen roses damasked, red and white, C But no such roses see I in her cheeks; D And in some perfumes is there more delight C Than in the breath that from my mistress reeks. D I love to hear her speak, yet well I know E That music hath a far more pleasing sound. F I grant I never saw a goddess go; E My mistress when she walks treads on the ground. F And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare G As any she belied with false compare. G
SONNET 130 PARAPHRASE • My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun; Coral is far more red than her lips' red; If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun; If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head. I have seen roses damask'd, red and white, But no such roses see I in her cheeks; And in some perfumes is there more delight; Than in the breath that from my mistress reeks. I love to hear her speak, yet well I know. That music hath a far more pleasing sound; I grant I never saw a goddess go; My mistress, when she walks, treads on the ground:And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare. As any she belied with false compare • My mistress's eyes are nothing like the sun; Coral is far more red than her lips; If snow is white, then her breasts are a brownish gray; If hairs are like wires, hers are black and not golden. I have seen damask roses, red and white, But I do not see such colors in her cheeks; And some perfumes give more delight. Than the horrid breath of my mistress. I love to hear her speak, but I know. That music has a more pleasing sound. I've never seen a goddess walk; But I know that my mistress walks only on the ground. And yet I think my love as rare. As any woman who has been misrepresented by ridiculous comparisons.
In Sonnet 130, the references to such objects of perfection are indeed present, but they are there to illustrate that his lover is not as beautiful -- a total rejection of Petrarch form and content. Shakespeare utilizes a new structure, through which the straightforward theme of his lover’s simplicity can be developed in the three quatrains and neatly concluded in the final couplet. Thus, Shakespeare is using all the techniques available, including the sonnet structure itself, to enhance his parody of the traditional Petrarchan sonnet typified by Sidney’s work. But Shakespeare ends the sonnet by proclaiming his love for his mistress despite her lack of adornment, so he does finally embrace the fundamental theme in Petrarch's sonnets: total and consuming love. In this sonnet Shakespeare attacks all the qualities of angelic women as described by Petrarch's Canzoniere. As a matter of fact the poet said that woman's eyes are not as bright as the light of the sun. Her lips are not as red as coral, nor is her complexion as white as snow. Surely her breath is not so sweet as some perfume, and thogh her words are pleasing they are nothing compared to the sound of music. The poet's woman, when she walks, walks on the ground and not above it like a gods. and yet the poet thinks his love as rare as those described by other poets. It is an attack against falsity in general: against beauty but insincere declarations of love as well as against highly conventional images in poetry. For this reason he use contrasting images and negative comparisons.
Petrarch's and Shakespeare's lovers Petrarch’s sonnets were dedicated solely to Laura. She is thought to be an imaginary figure and a play on the name Laurel, the leaves with which Petrarch was honored for being the poet laureate and the very same honor he longed for in his sonnets as a “Laurel Wreath”.Thename game has a further layer: "Laura" is also "gold", the colour of her hair. In the allegorical canzone 323, we see that the mysterious phoenix has a head of gold. The Focus of love within Petrarch’s sonnets contains a unique contrast with Shakespeare’s. Petrarch wrote his poems to a beloved from afar. His interactions were based only on his viewing Laura; his love for her was purely invented. Shakespeare on the other hand shared a reciprocal love with both his lovers; the objects of his love were “articulate, active partners.” Shakespeare’s sonnets are divided between his two lovers: sonnets 1-126 for a male, and sonnets 127-152 for a female; the first to a fair youth, and the second to a dark lady. Petrarch’s sonnets in opposition are focused solely on one lover, Laura. Shakespeare copies the female love in Petrarch’s poetry with the beloved youth who is created, cherished, adored, and eternized. After the fair youth, the dark lady brings a completely opposite literary figure into play. The dark lady is both of a different gender and she displays aspects contrary to Laura. One point that Shakespeare made while writing about the dark lady is a satirical comment on Petrarch’s love: My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun Coral is far more red than her lips' red —Lines 1 and 2 of Shakespeare's Sonnet 130
The Tudor dynasty or House of Tudor was a royal house of Welsh origin, descended from the last "king of the Britons," which ruled the Kingdom of England. Its first monarch was Henry VII, a descendant through his mother of a legitimised branch of the English royal House of Lancaster. The Tudor family rose to power in the wake of the Wars of the Roses, which left the House of Lancaster, to which the Tudors were aligned, extinct. In total, five Tudor monarchs ruled their domains for just over a century. Henry VIII of England was the only male-line male heir of Henry VII to live to the age of maturity. The House of Stuart came to power in 1603 when the Tudor line failed, as Elizabeth I died without issue.
HENRY VII Henry VII defeated the last Yorkist Richard III in The War of the Roses and becameking in 1485. Before he arrivedthereis the obscureage and he didreturn the England in modern state. He marriedElizabeth of York. Henry VII and Queen Elizabeth had several children, four of whom survived infancy: Arthur, Prince of Wales; Henry, Duke of Richmond; Margaret, who married James IV of Scotland; and Mary, who married Louis XII of France. He encouraged the treaty with France. He faunded the english naval power and spending his money buildings sheeps with very modern structure but he wasn’t fortunately. England exstended military power, his sheeps were important for the transport and not for the war.
HENRY VIII Henry VIII was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He was Lord, and later assumed the Kingship, of Ireland, and continued the nominal claim by English monarchs to the Kingdom of France. Henry was the second monarch of the Tudor dynasty, succeeding his father, Henry VII. He was interesting in culture and he granted the title of “ Defender of the faith” by the pope in latin. When his father died in the year 1509 at 18 Henry ascended the throne under the name of Henry VIII. The new ruler established the kingdom: the reduced power of the aristocrats of high rank and is entrusted to the support of the small provincial nobility, the gentry, landowners, although not belonging to the nobility who were holders of traditional prerogatives and privileges of the aristocracy.
CATHERINE OF ARAGON About nine weeks later, at the urging of Spain, Henry married Catherine, already betrothed her to the commitments made previously. Queen Catherine's first pregnancy ended in a stillborn son in 1510, and the second son, born on 1 January 1511 survived only two months. On the dynastic, in 1516, Queen Catherine gave birth to a daughter, Mary, by Henry could still hope to have a male heir, still, to fate, had not.
DIVORCE FROM CATHERINE Henry really wanted a male heir, and began to think about the possibility to annul his marriage to Queen Catherine. he became enamoured of Mary's sister, Anne Boleyn, then a charismatic young woman in the Queen's entourage. Anne, however, resisted his attempts to seduce her, and refused to become his mistress as her sister Mary Boleyn had. In addition to Henry asked Pope Clement VII also a pantry that would allow him to marry Anne Boleyn, as he had previously had an affair with her sister, Mary. Clement VII, while not agree to annul the marriage, grant the desired dispensation, probably thinking that this concession would not be served in anything as long as Henry remained married to Caterina.L 'emperor's influence on the papacy led to the excommunication of Henry by the Pope's reaction to Henry, who did not accept such a measure, led to the birth of the Anglican Church and the annulment of that marriage between Henry and Catherine.
ANNE BOLEYN In her place, Anne was crowned queen consort on 1 June 1533.The queen gave birth to a daughter slightly prematurely on 7 September 1533. The child was christened Elizabeth, in honour of Henry's mother, Elizabeth of York. From 1536 Anna began to lose favor with Henry, because even she could give birth to a male heir. After the birth of Princess Elizabeth, Anna had other pregnancies that ended in miscarriages, however, with or stillbirths. Henry VIII, meanwhile, became interested in another noble of the court, Jane Seymour. Anna was accused of using witchcraft to trap Henry to marry, to have love, to be guilty of incest, of insult to the king and conspiracy to kill him. The court, presided over by Thomas Howard, Anna judged guilty and sentenced to death, with the other four men who were supposed to love her and her brother.
THE OTHER WIVES Eleven days after the execution of Anne, Henry married Jane Seymour. Jane gave birth to a son, Prince Edward, in 1537, and died in childbirth. Henry VIII was very sorry because this was the only wife to give him a son and, despite the successive marriages, Jane Seymour was always his favorite.The only male heir, Prince Edward, was not in good health, and Henry, on the advice of Thomas Cromwell thought then to Anne of Cleves. The marriage, however, lasted only a few months. On July 28, 1540 Henry married the young Catherine Howard, Anne Boleyn's first cousin, but that marriage did not last long. The Queen was suspected of having more than one relationship, especially with two other men. Came the execution of the two lovers and the same Catherine, who was about 18 years old. Henry then married his last wife, the wealthy widow Catherine Parr, in 1543. Parr The clashed immediately with Henry for religious reasons; In fact, it was Protestant while Henry was still Catholic. The situation almost led to a new separation, but before it came to an act of submission. Catherine also helped reconcile Henry with his first two daughters, Mary and Elizabeth.
EDWARD VI After the death of Henry VIII was crowned King of England and Ireland February 20, 1547, aged less than 10 years. The young king was handsome and uncommon intelligence, but very weak and sickly: for this never exercised a real influence in the economic struggles. He made protestant doctrine, he built school repleaced the old latin with “The book of common players”. Suddenly, however, in the winter of 1552 the young king fell ill, probably from tuberculosis, and died July 6, 1553 in Greenwich, at age 16.
MARY I Mary Tudor was Queen of England and Ireland from July 19, 1553 to his death. Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, Mary, fourth and penultimate monarch of the Tudor dynasty, is remembered for the attempt to restore Catholicism in England after the Reformation. Having had executed at least three hundred religious opponents and Thomas Cranmer, is also known by the names of Catholic Mary and Bloody Mary. She married the king of Spain Philip II. She wasn’t interest to public opinion. The last illusion for the Queen was with the approach of death, which was manifested by an enlargement of the abdomen and the disappearance of menstruation. Believed to be finally pregnant with longed-for heir. When months passed and there was no trace of the unborn child, everybody understood that it was a tumor. Die November 17, 1558.
ELIZABETH I Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, and sometimes called the Virgin Queen, Gloriana, or Good Queen, Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty; freed from the prison to which he had been subjected in 1558 to ensure that seized power, was succeeded in the same year her half-sister Mary I of England, who had died without heirs. She was twenty five years old, she had strong personality, passionate character, she received an excellent education: she spoke french,german, spanish and italian.
She accepted both religion, she was unmarried, she was married with the people. She became Virgin Queen becouse she didn’t want to share her power with anybody. She went on royal progresses, inspired literature, the Spain for her was enemy, she expanded exploration and outseas, She sent pirats and became rich, they met other pirats and understood the secret of the structure of sheeps. She defeated the Spanish Armada, they were powerful in the world. Thank the whether England won the war with the Spain. She had a loto of colonies. She was very strong, when she was dying she didn’t want to lay down.
